Lesson 2 Flashcards
• Travel during prehistoric or ancient times was for the purpose of scavenging,
hunting game, and gathering food that grew wild.
• People spread into virtually all-habitable places on earth.
• When glaciers started to melt and arable lands appeared, agriculture replaced the
hunting culture.
Before Written History
• When society was established, preferences of people began to change, including
their needs. Everyone wanted something that the other did not want. As their
preferences changed, so did theirspecializations.
• Some people were better at cultivating the fields others were good at tending the
flocks.
• People realized that they needed to produce more so that they could exchange
their products for other things that they also needed. This led to barter trading.
Barter trade is an exchange of good with other goods of the same value.
• The Sumerians might be the first group of people who were engaged in business
travel.
• The Sumerians were the first people to invent money and use it in business
transactions. They were also the ones who invented cuneiform writing and the
wheel.
• The cuneiform writing developed by the Sumerians greatly contributed to the
interest of people in travel.
• The invention of the wheel facilitated travel faster away from home. With this
development, transportation of goods and people became faster and easier.
The Sumerian
• Egypt’s relationship with people outside its own civilization provided its people the
opportunity to explore.
• Indirectly, the experience gained from trading with other nations gave the
Egyptians knowledge about new and interesting places and cultures outside Egypt.
This could have heightened the curiosity about seeing new places and learning
new cultures.
• Further, tradesmen who brought products or goods from other lands could have
been the first people who brought souvenirs.
• Queen Hatshepsut (Foremost of Noble Ladies), woman to become pharaoh and
ruler of Egypt, came to light through the hieroglyphics and artwork found on the
walls of the queen’s temple at Beir-el-Bhari.
• The temple itself is a testament to the accomplishments of Queen Hatshepsut.
Other accomplishments of Queen Hatshepsut include her organization of a journey
to the Land of Punt.
• The purpose of the trip was trade and evidence indicate that Queen Hatshepsut
managed to bring back numerous precious and rare articles back to enhance the wealth of the Egyptian nation.
• The early Egyptians believe in the afterlife, evident in the practices they did to their dead. Many people were attracted to see these elaborate burial tombs of pharaohs.
• Some tourists even left behind evidence of their visits in the form of “graffiti” (Italian term that means pointed object were used to etch marks on the surfaces of soft
stones).
• As part of their faith, early Egyptians celebrated festivals several times a year,
which attracted large crowds of men and women from different places
The Egyptian
• Indians were also good tradesmen that they reached areas far away from home to do business.
• Indian ships sailed southwards and eastward to Southeast Asia to sell cotton cloths, ivory, brass ware, monkeys, parrots, and elephants. From Southeast Asian ports, Indian merchants acquired spices that they traded elsewhere.
• Trade between India and China was transacted not only on sea but also on land
across Central Asia by camel caravan, popularly known then as the northern silk
route. Aside from trading, many Indian emigrants settled in areas they went to or visited these were land of the modern-day countries of Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, and Borneo. A few reached Taiwan and the Philippines.
• Kings and nobles engaged in hunting game in the wild. Some nobles also went on a pilgrimage in pursuit of their faith the devotion.
Indian Civilisation
• The developments of these civilizations were interrelated.
• The Chinese were said to have the earliest concept of community and were first
to establish an empire.
• Several forms of faith also come about during the development of Chinese
civilization.
• These brands of religion included Confucianism, believed to have been based on
the teachings of a Chinese scholar Kongfuzi or Confucius, Taoism inspired by Lao Tsu, and Buddhism based on the teachings of Siddharta Buddha.
• There were also several developments in mathematics, physics, technology, and the economy.
• The Chinese discovered the relationship between radius and circumference,
quadratic equations, and formulas for measuring prisms, cones, and cylinders, and
how to calculate the distance between the sun and earth.
East Asian Civilization
• The religiosity of the Greeks produced their greatest contribution to tourism – the
Olympic Games.
• Beginning in 776, aristocrats from various city-states held mid-Sumner religious festivals at Olympia.
• Olympia was considered by ancient Greeks as the center of the world, a place of
sanctuary and worship.
• They also regarded Mount Olympus as the home of the gods. During the games,
participating cities postponed their wars. The festival at Olympia took place in a stadium that held around 20 thousand spectators.
• Philosophers abounded during the development of Greece’s history.
• Anaximander was the first to draw a map of the entire known world (550 BC). His
map was spherical because that was how he conceived the Earth to be.
• Herodotus, a scholar who lived in an age of travel, diversity, and exploration,
attempted to describe, and explain the places and people he had seen. These were
valuable and helpful to modern historians.
The Greeks
• In the 17th century, to lift the morale of its citizens caused by depression and unrest, Rome introduced a December festival.
• The festival was for the god of agriculture, Saturn. This became an annual
celebration which was known as Saturnalia.
• This festival was believed to be the precursor of the Christmas celebration of
present- day Christians.
• The fondness of Romans for travel led to the development of roads extending to as
far as Scotland and Germany to the north and to Iraq and Kuwait in the South.
• The Saxons of England used to celebrate a spring festival in honor of their goddess Eostre which was believed to be the origin of the Christian festival, Easter.
• In the years 1050 to 1300, roads in Europe had never been busier. The burgeoning population and progress in trade resulted in an increase in the number of people moving around.
Tge Roman Civilization
• The art of traveling and the beginning of tourism in Europe
• The beginnings of tourism in Europe go back to the 16th-18th century.
• In those times an increasing number of well-situated people travelled to Italy
which was the center of arts and culture.
• Very quickly an almost stereotype itinerary developed which became known
as the Grand Tour.
• The Grand Tour is the journey undertaken by young men belonging to the
aristocracy of Northern Europe and England during the 17th and 18th
century.
• The initial emphasis of the tour was on education, designed to confer the
traveler with full membership into the aristocratic power structure and to
make important social connections in the continent.
The Grand Tour
• Greek/Roman culture
- Noted as early as 40 BC
- Social and religious purposes
• Roman businessmen traveled
• Romans were the first pleasure travelers
• After fall of roman empire, public hospitality fell to religious orders
Early Hospitality
• English travelers
• Inns were private homes
• Nobility stayed in monasteries
• Stagecoach became favored transportation
Medieval Period
• Public coach
- Put into effect around 1650
• Coach inns
- Built along routes
• Inns
- A sleeping accommodation (a facility in which food and drink were served and
a shelter for both the drivers and horses)
Colonial Period
• High demand for inns and taverns
• 1st hotel - Hotel de Henry IV 1788
- Built at cost of $17,500
- 60 beds
• Coffee houses
Renaissance Period - (16th Century)
• Changed the course of culinary history
The French Revolution
- A French chef, restaurateur and culinary writer who popularized and
updated traditional French cooking methods. - Brigade system
- “Father of modern restaurant/cuisine”
Auguste Escoffier
- The very first restaurant in the world was opened in Paris in 1765.
- A tavern keeper, Monsieur Boulanger, served a single dish – sheep’s
feet simmered in a white sauce. - Called soup he sold “restorantes
M. Boulanger
