lesson 2

Question 1

is the clear awareness and understanding of something. It is the product of questions that allow for clear answers provided by facts.

Answer 1

Knowledge

Question 2

are propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful.

Answer 2

facts

Question 3

statements that are not evidently or immediately known to be true. Further examination is required to establish whether it is true or false.

Answer 3

claims

Question 4

can be considered as based on facts. Science considers truth as something observable and empirical.

Answer 4

truthful statemnets

Question 5

pproached the problem of truth by looking at the nature of knowledge and how we know what we know.

Answer 5

Ancient Greek philosophers

Question 6

is employed to help determine truth. This means that every statement, claim, evidence, and experience is scrutinized and analyzed.

Answer 6

systematic doubt

Question 7

These contain ideas or information that are easily verifiable.

Answer 7

facts

Question 8

is a judgment based on certain facts. The facts that form the bases of a conclusion may not be disputed but the conclusion itself could still be contested or questioned.

Answer 8

conclusion

Question 9

are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts. To judge the truthfulness of a belief, we must also consider things such as a person’s experiences and views.

Answer 9

Beliefs

Question 10

These are statements that go beyond providing facts. They also provide conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations. Some of the statements even advance a belief about a certain thing or a person. also bases for making arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is a fact

Answer 10

Opinions

Question 11

These are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statement is true.

Answer 11

explanations

Question 13

are series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful. made with the assumption that the truth of the claim or opinion is still to be determined.

Answer 13

Arguments

Question 14

goes beyond extracting information from a text; rather, it involves recognizing writer’s purpose, identifying the tone and persuasive elements, and recognizing biases.

Answer 14

Critical reading

Question 15

These are arguments that are based on faulty reasoning. Some may be intentional, as the person making the claim is desperate to convince you to accept his/her argument.

Answer 15

fallacies

Question 16

attacking the person
presenting the argument instead of the argument itself

Answer 16

Appeal to Character
(Ad Hominem)

Question 17

using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument

Answer 17

Appeal to Force
(Ad Baculum)

Question 18

using emotions such as pity or sympathy

Answer 18

Appeal to Emotion
(Ad Misericordiam)

Question 19

the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it

Answer 19

Appeal to the Popular
(Ad Populum)

Question 20

the idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time

Answer 20

Appeal to Tradition

Question 21

assuming the thing or idea to be proven it’s true; also known as circular argument

Answer 21

begging the question

Question 22

assuming a “cause-and-effect relationship” between unrelated events

Answer 22

Cause-and-Effect
(Post Hoc)

Question 23

assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole

Answer 23

fallacy of composition

Question 24

assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts

Answer 24

fallacy of division

Question 25

are not necessarily errors in reasoning, but refer to tendencies or influences which affect the views of people. cannot be avoided in any discussion or debate. What is important is that the people engaging in the discussion are aware of their personal biases and have an open but critical attitude toward other views which conflict with their own.

Answer 25

biasses

Question 26

tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or her actions, without the regard for external factors or influences

Answer 26

Correspondence Bias or Attribution Effect

Question 27

tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits one’s own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go against it.

Answer 27

confirmation bias

Question 28

focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects

Answer 28

framing

Question 29

the tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical events

Answer 29

hindsight

Question 30

analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards

Answer 30

cultural bias