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Geria > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Changes in integumentary system

A

 In skin
Collagen stiffening
Reduced blood supply and capacity for repair

 For hair
melanin and follicles
Reduced blood supply to fingernails

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2
Q

Implications of integumentary system

A
  1. Cool, pale, dry skin
  2. fragility, wrinkling, tenting, sagging (breast and abdomen with risk of yeast infections)
    3.elasticity, turgor, wound healing and perspiration with reduced ability to maintain temperature
  3. Graying, dry, thinner hair with facial hair alterations in men and women
  4. Thick, brittle, easily split nails with slow growth and risk of fungal infections
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3
Q

Assessment for integ

A
  1. Monitor skin temperature, turgor (anterior chest wall, not forearm), hydration status
  2. Inspect for changes in skin color, pigmentation, lesions, bruising
  3. Assess intertriginous areas
  4. Assess hygiene
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4
Q

Care strategies in integ system

A
  1. Prevention of pressure ulcers
  2. Dermatology referral for neoplasm or lesions
  3. Education on care of dry, fragile skin
  4. Environmental temperature control to prevent hypothermia/
    hyperthermia
  5. Provide adequate fluid intake
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5
Q

changes in skin are based to exposure of

A

sun and weather

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6
Q

Fewer capillaries are present and cell proliferation is decreased, resulting in

A

slower wound health and atrophy of gland

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7
Q

obvious lesions in skin

A

skin tag, keratosis, liver spots/lentiges

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8
Q

small projections in the skin, axilla, neck

A

skin tags

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9
Q

rough raised masses often in dark color

A

keratosis

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10
Q

dark flat macules on hand and face

A

liver spots/lentiges

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11
Q

what occurs as as melanocytes are reduced in number

A

gray hair

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12
Q

what occurs as the number of hair follicles decreases

A

thinning of hair

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13
Q

Aging changes in musculoskeletal system

A

-narrowed intervertebral discs
-lean body mass replaced by fat
-in mass and regeneration of muscle fibers
-hip/knee flexion tendon and ligament stiffening
- in joints, articular cartilage erosion

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14
Q

implication in musculoskeletal system

A

-kyphosis, height loss 1-4”
-gait and balance instability
-risk of osteoporosis and fracture arthritis
-risk of F&E imbalances
-joint stiffness with decreased mobility

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15
Q

Assessment in musculoskeletal system

A

-assess functionality, mobility, fine and motor skills ADLs
-Ensure joint stabilization and slow movements in ROM exam to prevent injury

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16
Q

Care in musculoskeletal system

A

-education on nutrition, exercise
-info on strategies to maximize function
-referral to physical therapy

16
Q

important change in bone in aging

A

loss of calcium and bone mass

17
Q

loss of calcium leads to

A

osteoporosis

18
Q

recommendations to reduce risk and progression of osteoporosis with aging

A

 Increase calcium and Vitamin D intake for all age groups
 Walking and other weight-bearing exercise, physiotherapy or rehabilitation program
 Drugs such as Biphosphonates, an inhibitor of bone resorption

19
Q

Degeneration of the cartilage in the joints is a common problem that result into

A

osteoarthritis

20
Q

articular cartilage becomes thin and erosion occur impairing joint
movement and causing pain, particularly in the large weight-bearing joints such as knees and hip

A

osteoarthritis

20
Q

changes in respiratory system

A

-Rigid thorax and vertebrae
-Diminished ciliary and
macrophage activity
-Airway reactivity
-Dry mucus membrane
-response to hypoxia and hypercapnia

21
Q

Management in musculoskeletal includes:

A

Regular moderate, low impact exercise such as swimming helps maintain mobility and flexibility

Good nutrition (CHON, mineral, Vitamins)

21
Q

implication in respiratory system

A

-Kyphosis; barrel-shaped, rigid chest
-Respiratory rate: 12-24
-Diminished breath sounds particularly at lung bases
-Risk of infection and asthma
-Unchanged total lung capacity

22
Q

assessment in respiratory system

A

-Respirations – patterns, breath
sounds throughout lung fields
-Note thorax appearance, chest
expansion
-Assess cough, deep breathing,
exercise capacity
-Assess for infections, asthma

23
Q

care in respiratory system

A

-Maintain patent airway through repositioning, suctioning
- Prevention of respiratory infections by
hygiene
-Incentive spirometry as indicated, particularly if unable to ambulate
-Education on cough enhancement

23
Q

ventilation, both inspiration and expiration is limited for several reasons:

A

o Elasticity in the lung tissue is reduced
o The coastal cartilage between the ribs and the sternum calcifies, reducing rib movement
o Skeletal muscles atrophies and weakens
o Any skeletal change (e.g. rib shape) may reduce thoracic movement

24
Q

Expiration is reduced and residual volume is increased. The more restricted lung movements lead to decreased expansion for deep breathing and coughing.

A

o Weaker skeletal muscles also reduce cough effectiveness
o When the capability for initiating an effective cough is impaired, secretions tend to accumulate, and the risk for pneumonia increases

24
Q

Vascular degeneration in the lungs lead to

A

decreased perfusion and reduce gas exchange in the alveoli

24
Q

implications in the cardiovascular system

A

-decreased cardiac reserve and output
-Heart rate 40-100 bpm, slow recovery from tachycardia
-Fatigue, SOB
-Extra heart sound common: S4 not S3 which is always abnormal

25
Q

There tends to be a reduced oxygen level rather than increased carbon dioxide level

A

t

26
Q

changes in the cardiovascular system

A

-increased heart weight
-Left ventricle hypertrophy
-decreased in pacemaker cells
- decreased beta adrenergic response
-decreased O2 uptake by tissues

27
Q

assessment in the cardiovascular system

A

-assess BP (lying, sitting,
standing) and pulse pressure
-Note altered landmarks,
-Assess carotid arteries,
-Monitor ECG
-Assess exercise tolerance

28
Q

e size and number of cardiac muscle cells declines, reducing what

A

the strength of cardiac contractions.

28
Q

care in the cardiovascular system

A

-Referral for irregularities in heart
function, blood flow
-Safety precautions for orthostatic hypotension. Rise slowly from lying or sitting position. Wait 1-2 minutes after position change to stand or transfer
-Monitor for overt signs of
hypotension: change in sensorium or
mental status, dizziness
-Institute fall prevention strategies

29
Q

Loss of elasticity and accumulation of collagen in the arterial walls results in the thickening of the arterial walls, thus limiting expansion of the large arteries and obstructing the lumina of smaller arteries, which would lead to

A

arteriosclerosis and elevated blood pressure

30
Q

Degenerative changes also promote the accumulation of cholesterol and lipid in the wall of the arteries , the condition known as

A

atherosclerosis

Geria (2 decks)

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