LESSON 2

Question 1

Animal tissues are divided into main four types:

Answer 1

1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nervous Tissue

Question 2

This type of tissue is commonly seen outside as coverings or as linings of organs and cavities. It is characterized by closely-joined cells with tight junctions. Being tightly packed, tight junctions serve as barriers for pathogens, mechanical injuries and fluid loss.

Answer 2

Epithelial Tissue

Question 3

Cells that make up epithelial tissues have distinct arrangements:

Answer 3

1. Cuboidal
2. Simple Columnar
3. Simple Squamous
4. Stratified Squamous
5. Pseudo- Stratified Columnar

Question 4

for secretion

Answer 4

Cuboidal

Question 5

brick-shaped cells; for secretion and active absorption

Answer 5

Simple columnar-

Question 6

• plate-like cells; for exchange of material through diffusion

Answer 6

Simple squamous

Question 7

multilayered and regenerates quickly for protection

Answer 7

Stratified squamous-

Question 8

single layer of cells; may just look stacked because of varying height; for lining of respiratory tract; usually lined with cilia (i.e., a type of cell modification that sweeps the mucus)

Answer 8

Pseudo-stratified columnar

Question 9

These tissues are composed of the following: Blood, Connective Tissue Proper(CTP), Cartilage, and Bone

Answer 9

Connective Tissue

Question 10

made up of plasma (i.e., liquid extracellular matrix): contains water, salts and dissolve proteins, erythrocytes that carry oxygen (RBC), leukocytes for defense (WBC), and platelets for blood clotting

Answer 10

BLOOD-

Question 11

made up of loose connective tissue that is found in the skin and fibrous connective tissue that is made up of collagenous fibers found in tendons and ligaments. Adipose tissues are also examples of loose connective tissues that store fats which functions to insulate the body and store energy.

Answer 11

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER (CTP)-

Question 12

characterized by collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate. Chondrocytes are the cells that secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate. ________ functions are cushion between bones.

Answer 12

CARTILAGE-

Question 13

mineralized connective tissue made by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts which deposits collagen. Blood vessels and nerves are found at a central canal surrounded by concentric circles of osteon.

Answer 13

BONE

Question 14

bone-forming cells called _________ which deposits collagen

Answer 14

osteoblasts

Question 15

These tissues are composed of long cells called muscle fibers that allow the body to move voluntary or involuntary. It gives rise to muscles’ ability to contract. This is opposed to other components or tissues in muscle such as tendons or perimysium. It is formed during embryonic development through a process known as myogenesis.

Answer 15

Muscle Tissue

Question 16

consists of elongated cells also called as muscle fibers. This tissue is responsible for movements in our body. Movement of muscles is a response to signals coming from nerve cells.

Answer 16

Muscle Tissue

Question 17

Muscle tissue in vertebrates can be categorized in to the following:

Answer 17

1. Skeletal- striated
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth

Question 18

These tissues are composed of nerve cells called neuron and glial cells that function as support cells. These neurons sense stimuli and transmit electrical signals throughout the animal body. Neurons connect to other neuron that receives impulses from other neurons, while the axon is the part where the impulse is transmitted to other neurons.

Answer 18

Nervous Tissue

Question 19

Plant tissues are divided into two main types:

Answer 19

1. Meristematic tissue
2. Permanent Tissue

Question 20

is actively dividing to produce new cells.
___________ consists of undifferentiated small cell, with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei. The cells differentiate into new tissue of the plant. __________ is found at the meristems of plants:

Answer 20

Meristematic tissue

Question 21

Meristematic tissue is found at the meristems of plants:

Answer 21

A. Apical Meristem-
B. . Lateral Meristem-

Question 22

are located at the growing points at the tips of roots and stems and results in an increase in the length of these structures.

Answer 22

Apical Meristem-

Question 23

results in the growth in thickness or width of woody roots and stems. This tissue is also called cambium; cork cambium divides to form the cork cells that form the outer bark of a woody plant. Vascular cambium divides to make xylem and phloem tissue

Answer 23

Lateral Meristem-

Question 24

These are specialized in function and do not divide constantly. Differentiation of cells begins as soon as cells have been formed by cell division, and results in changes in structure.

Answer 24

Permanent Tissue

Question 25

There are three groups of permanent tissue:

Answer 25

A. Epidermal Tissue
B. Vascular tissue

Question 26

This is the outermost layer of cells that covers the roots, stems, and leaves. They are tightly packed, with no intercellular air spaces. The main function of the __________ cells is to protect the underlying tissue from injury.

Answer 26

Epidermal Tissue

Question 27

2 under of Epidermal Tissue:

Answer 27

a. Guard Cell
b. Hair Cells

Question 28

are bean- shaped epidermal cells that occur on either side of a stoma- which is the opening that occurs on the surface of a leaf. The _____–function to open and close the stoma, thus controlling the loss of water by transpiration.

Answer 28

guard cells

Question 29

are formed by an extension of the cell wall. The hair functions to increase the surface area of the root to maximize the uptake of water and nutrients.

Answer 29

Hair cells

Question 30

functions to transport and support.

Answer 30

Vascular tissue

Question 31

under of Vascular Tissue (2)

Answer 31

1. Xylem Tissue-
2. Phloem Tissue-

Question 32

transport water and mineral salts from the ground water through the roots to the stems and leaves. It consists of vessels and tracheids- both cells have cell walls that are strengthened with lignin and both types of cells are dead at maturity.

Answer 32

Xylem Tissue-

Question 33

transport food from the leaves, where photosynthesis takes place, to areas undergoing growth or storage sites. Phloem tissue consists of long columns of sieve tubes and companion cells.

Answer 33

Phloem Tissue-

Question 34

This type of tissue forms the body of the plant and is responsible for support, storage, and photosynthesis.

Answer 34

Ground Tissue

Question 35

There are three types of ground tissue:

Answer 35

A. Parenchyma
B. Collenchyma
C. Sclerenchyma

Question 36

thin walled and alive at maturity; often multifaceted.

Answer 36

Parenchyma

Question 37

thick walled and alive at maturity

Answer 37

Collenchyma

Question 38

thick walled and dead at maturity

Answer 38

Sclerenchyma

Question 39

occurs after cell division wherein newly formed cells are structurally modified so that they can perform their function efficiently and effectively.

Answer 39

Cell specialization or modification

Question 40

3 types of Cell Modifications

Answer 40

Apical, Basal, and Lateral

Question 41

It is a cell modification found on the apical surface of the cell.

Answer 41

Apical modification

Question 42

Cilia are usually short, hair-like structures that move in waves.
➢ Flagella are long whip-like structures.
➢ Formed from microtubules

Answer 42

Cilia and flagella

Question 43

____- finger-like projections that arise from epithelial layer in some organs. They help to increase surface area allowing for faster and more efficient adsorption.

__________ are smaller projections that arise from the cell’s surface that also increase surface area allowing faster and more efficient adsorption.

Answer 43

Villi and microvilli

Question 44

Temporary, irregular lobes formed by amoebas and some other eukaryotic cells.

Answer 44

Peseudopods

Question 45

➢ Compound secreted by the cell on its apical surface
➢ Cell wall in the extracellular structure in plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cell
➢ Glycoprotein is the main ingredient of ECM in animal cells.
➢ They cover external surface, line up internal organs, take up nutrients, export wastes, and interact with the external environment.

Answer 45

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

Question 46

Cell modification found on the basal surface of the cell desmosomes/hemidesmosomes
➢ Anchoring junction on the basal surface of the cell
Rivet-like links between cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix components such as the basal lamina that underlie epithelia. Primarily composed of keratin, integrin, and cadherin.

Answer 46

Basal Modification

Question 47

A cell junction that provides contact between neighboring cells or between the cell and extracellular matrix.

Answer 47

Lateral Modification

Question 48

Acts as barriers that regulate the movement of the water and solutes between epithelial layers, prevent leakage of ECF

Answer 48

Tight Junction

Question 49

__________ on the lateral surface of the cell
➢ Very similar to the anchoring junction of the basal surface of the cell
➢ Fasten cells to one another

Answer 49

Adhering Junction

Question 50

Also known as communicating junctions

Answer 50

Gap Junction