lesson 2 Flashcards
logical opposition
what is the logical opposite of hot
not hot = everything that is not hot
|———————————–|
cold. hot
* includes cold , cool, warm ,tepid , kind of hot , mostly hot
the logical opposite of tall is
not tall
logical opposite of a lepton is
not a lepton
what is the logical opposite of ALL
not all
What is the logical opposite of none
not none= some = at least one
what is the logical opposite of some
none
what does ALL mean
equals 100
What does NOT ALL mean
0 to 99 (everything but All)
NOT 100
what does SOME mean
1 to 100 (evrerything but none)
not 0
what does NONE mean
0
what is the logical opposite of always
not always
what is the logical opposite of sometimes
never
what is the logical opposite of somewhere
nowhere
what is the logical opposite everywhere
not everywhere
what is the opposite logical of must be true
Not nec True
what is the logical opposite of could be true
cannot be true
in weaken questions the answer would have
1 correct answer that weakens the questions and 4 incorrect answers not weaken (strengthen or do nothing)
what is the logical opposite of faster
not faster
(means slower or the same)
review dinaxil example
correct answers and incorrect answers are always logical opposites of each other
cannot be false is equivalent to
must be true
could be false is equivalent to
not necessary true
not nec false is equivalent to
could be true
must be false is equivalent to
cannot be true
when you see EXCEPT questions in the question stem
Example: each of the following are not necessarily true EXCEPT
the incorrect answers are going to be what the question stem asks
4 incorrect answers - not necessarily true
1 correct answer - must be true
*the logical opposite of the incorrect answers (not necessarily true) is must be true
which of the following must be false ?
*when you see a false question make it to a truth equivalent
(look and study chart) read it horizontal
must be false make it to truth is cannot be true
1 correct answer - cannot be true
4 incorrect answers are opposite logical of each other which would be could be true
whenever you see a false question stem make it to
a true
conditional resoning is
is a relationship between a sufficient and a neccesary condition
sufficient condition is an event or circumtance whose occourence indicates a necessary condition must occur
*necessary condition is an event or circumtance is required in order for sufficient to occur
sufficient: enough (enough)
necessary: required (independent)
each of the following CANNOT be false except
cannot be false is equivalent to must be true
what is the logical opposition of must be true
not nec true 1
incorrect answer choices must be true
see chart
must be true is always going to be pair with not necessarily true
logical opposition
could be true is always going to be pair with cannot be true
logical opposition
if sufficient condition occurs then
we have a necessary condition
if necessary occurs then
it is possible that sufficient condition will occur but not certain
conditional statements have
“if” and “then” statements
conditional reasoning “if then” statement example
if you get an A+ , then you must have studied
what is sufficient (triggers, enough) and what is necessary (independent , required)
Sufficient :A+
Necessary: study
A+ —–> STUDY
in the sufficient part of the equation we have the word…
“if”
the word “then” makes it a
necessary condition
how to diagram conditional reasoning
(enough) (triggers) sufficient —-> necessary (independent) (required)
no matter how they put it on the stimulus
based on the example :
if you get an A+ , then you must have studied
SUFFICIENT(enough) NECESSARY (required)
A+———————-> STUDY
question: My friend Bob studied .Does that guaratee that BOB got a A+?
no becuase
getting a A+ is enough to show that you study
sufficient—-> necessary (required)
*read arrows from left to right
if you land a necessary (study) we can’t conclude he got an A+
if we said that bob got an A+ then that activates and we can conclude that he must study we can prove that
how to do contrapositive
take the original rule
reverse and negate
original:
sufficient —>necessary
A+——->STUDY
NOT STUDY——-> NOT A+
SUFFICIENT INDICATORS
IF, WHEN, WHENEVER,EVERY, ALL, ANY , PEOPLE WHO, IN ORDER TO
PEOPLE. PLACES, TIMES
NECESSARY CONDITION INDICATORS
THEN, ONLY, ONLY IF , MUST ,REQUIRED, UNLESS, EXCEPT, UNTIL, WITHOUT
DEMANDING WORDS
IF
SUFFICIENT
WHEN
SUFFICIENT
WHENEVER
SUFFICIENT
EVERY
SUFFICIENT
ALL
SUFFICIENT
ANY
SUFFICIENT
PEOPLE WHO
SUFFICIENT
IN ORDER TO
SUFFICIENT
THEN
NECESSARY
ONLY , ONLY IF
NECESSARY
MUST, REQUIRED
NECESSARY
UNLESS , EXCEPT
NECESSARY
UNTIL
NECESSARY
WITHOUT
NECESSARY
if **only if ** is there it becomes necessary
necessary
when you see the word only in front of a sufficient indicator the word only takes over
only when
only people who
NEITHER NOR MEANS
NOT ONE AND THE OTHER
UNLESS, EXEPT,UNTIL, WIHTOUT
*SPECIAL NECESARY INDICATOR WORDS
we treat them as (-) WORDS THERE IS A TWO STEP PROCESS
WE TREAT THIS WORDS ARE NECESSARY INDICATOR WORDS
-WHATEVER TERM IS MODIFY BY THESE NECESSARY INDICATOR WORDS BECOMES THE NECESSARY CONDITION
CLASS EXAMPLE:
UNLESS A PERSON STUDIES , HE OR SHE WILL NOT RECEIVE AN A+
(GET RID OF THE NEGATIVE NOT ) A+ BECOMES SUFFICIENT
2. THE REMAINING TERM IS NEGATED AND BECOMES THE SUFFICIENT CONDITION
SUFFICIENT NECESSARY
A+ ——-> STUDY
WHAT IS BIOCONDITIONALS
YOU CAN DETERMINE IF YOU SEE IF AND ONLY IF
*IT GIVES US TWO CONDITIONAL RULES INTO ONE
FOR READING COMPREHENTION TREAT IT AS A MUST BE TRUE QUESTIONS
WHICH IS STRONGLY SUPPORTED
WHAT IS SUFFICIENT CONDITION
something that sends a signal, i.e. an indication that a necessary condition must occur.
WHAT IS A NECESSARY CONDITION
the necessary condition is required by the sufficient condition
EITHER MEANS
OR
how to approach the word “the only”
” the only” can be approached as a sufficient indicator word
“the only” example and diagram
The only people who like parties are extroverts.
People who like parties——-> Extroverts
how to approach **No **in the beginning of a sentence
ex: No electrictian is an architect
No in the beginning of a sentence is different than “not”
when you see no in the beggining of the setence it modifies the necessary condition
“No electrician is an architect,” you
mean that no person in the group of electricians has the characteristic of being an architect
necessary indicator words
are demanding
sufficient indicator words
are people, places, times
when you see **in order to **it usually means
a sufficient condition
the word “when” is a
sufficient indicator
the word “if” is
a sufficient indicator
“none but” = only
only
*only is a necessary term
example:
none but the proud is arrogant
which is he sufficient and the necessary
none but = only (necessary indicator)
sufficient necessary
Arrogant —-> Proud
“only if” is
necessary condition
Any is
sufficient indicator word
either/or
at least one of the two, possibly both
“than either”
either tranlates for both
example :
Akio is taller than either of the other two boys on the team.
This statement means that Akio is individually the tallest of the three.
AND TURNS TO OR WHEN WE HAVE MULTIPLES SUFFICIENT AND NECESSARY CONDITIONS
WHEN WE SEE OR , OR TURNS TO AND
if you see if and only if
*and connects the ifs which creates 2 seperate conditional statements
- “A if B” B—-> A
and - “A only if B”. A——->B
A<———-> B
when we have a double arrow either they occur
together or both do not occur.
one term can’t attend without the other
“if” introduces
a sufficient
condition
A IF B
Sufficient Necessary
B——————> A
double arrow introduce
if the phrase “if and only if” or “if but only if”
- vise versa (if A attends then B attends and vice versa)
-repeating and reversing terms (if A attends then B attends and if B attends then A attends)
