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lsat > lesson 2 > Flashcards

lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

logical opposition

what is the logical opposite of hot

A

not hot = everything that is not hot

|———————————–|
cold. hot
* includes cold , cool, warm ,tepid , kind of hot , mostly hot

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2
Q

the logical opposite of tall is

A

not tall

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3
Q

logical opposite of a lepton is

A

not a lepton

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4
Q

what is the logical opposite of ALL

A

not all

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5
Q

What is the logical opposite of none

A

not none= some = at least one

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6
Q

what is the logical opposite of some

A

none

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7
Q

what does ALL mean

A

equals 100

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8
Q

What does NOT ALL mean

A

0 to 99 (everything but All)

NOT 100

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9
Q

what does SOME mean

A

1 to 100 (evrerything but none)

not 0

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10
Q

what does NONE mean

A

0

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11
Q

what is the logical opposite of always

A

not always

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12
Q

what is the logical opposite of sometimes

A

never

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13
Q

what is the logical opposite of somewhere

A

nowhere

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14
Q

what is the logical opposite everywhere

A

not everywhere

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15
Q

what is the opposite logical of must be true

A

Not nec True

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16
Q

what is the logical opposite of could be true

A

cannot be true

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17
Q

in weaken questions the answer would have

A

1 correct answer that weakens the questions and 4 incorrect answers not weaken (strengthen or do nothing)

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18
Q

what is the logical opposite of faster

A

not faster
(means slower or the same)

review dinaxil example

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19
Q

correct answers and incorrect answers are always logical opposites of each other

A
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20
Q

cannot be false is equivalent to

A

must be true

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21
Q

could be false is equivalent to

A

not necessary true

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22
Q

not nec false is equivalent to

A

could be true

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23
Q

must be false is equivalent to

A

cannot be true

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24
Q

when you see EXCEPT questions in the question stem
Example: each of the following are not necessarily true EXCEPT

A

the incorrect answers are going to be what the question stem asks
4 incorrect answers - not necessarily true
1 correct answer - must be true

*the logical opposite of the incorrect answers (not necessarily true) is must be true

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25
Q

which of the following must be false ?
*when you see a false question make it to a truth equivalent
(look and study chart) read it horizontal

A

must be false make it to truth is cannot be true
1 correct answer - cannot be true
4 incorrect answers are opposite logical of each other which would be could be true

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26
Q

whenever you see a false question stem make it to

A

a true

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27
Q

conditional resoning is

A

is a relationship between a sufficient and a neccesary condition
sufficient condition is an event or circumtance whose occourence indicates a necessary condition must occur
*necessary condition is an event or circumtance is required in order for sufficient to occur

sufficient: enough (enough)
necessary: required (independent)

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28
Q

each of the following CANNOT be false except

A

cannot be false is equivalent to must be true
what is the logical opposition of must be true
not nec true 1
incorrect answer choices must be true

see chart

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29
Q

must be true is always going to be pair with not necessarily true

logical opposition

A

could be true is always going to be pair with cannot be true

logical opposition

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30
Q

if sufficient condition occurs then

A

we have a necessary condition

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31
Q

if necessary occurs then

A

it is possible that sufficient condition will occur but not certain

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32
Q

conditional statements have

A

“if” and “then” statements

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33
Q

conditional reasoning “if then” statement example
if you get an A+ , then you must have studied
what is sufficient (triggers, enough) and what is necessary (independent , required)

A

Sufficient :A+
Necessary: study
A+ —–> STUDY

34
Q

in the sufficient part of the equation we have the word…

A

“if”

35
Q

the word “then” makes it a

A

necessary condition

36
Q

how to diagram conditional reasoning

A

(enough) (triggers) sufficient —-> necessary (independent) (required)
no matter how they put it on the stimulus

37
Q

based on the example :
if you get an A+ , then you must have studied

SUFFICIENT(enough) NECESSARY (required)
A+———————-> STUDY

question: My friend Bob studied .Does that guaratee that BOB got a A+?

A

no becuase
getting a A+ is enough to show that you study
sufficient—-> necessary (required)
*read arrows from left to right
if you land a necessary (study) we can’t conclude he got an A+

if we said that bob got an A+ then that activates and we can conclude that he must study we can prove that

38
Q

how to do contrapositive
take the original rule
reverse and negate

A

original:
sufficient —>necessary
A+——->STUDY
NOT STUDY——-> NOT A+

39
Q

SUFFICIENT INDICATORS

A

IF, WHEN, WHENEVER,EVERY, ALL, ANY , PEOPLE WHO, IN ORDER TO

PEOPLE. PLACES, TIMES

40
Q

NECESSARY CONDITION INDICATORS

A

THEN, ONLY, ONLY IF , MUST ,REQUIRED, UNLESS, EXCEPT, UNTIL, WITHOUT

DEMANDING WORDS

41
Q

IF

A

SUFFICIENT

42
Q

WHEN

A

SUFFICIENT

43
Q

WHENEVER

A

SUFFICIENT

44
Q

EVERY

A

SUFFICIENT

45
Q

ALL

A

SUFFICIENT

46
Q

ANY

A

SUFFICIENT

47
Q

PEOPLE WHO

A

SUFFICIENT

48
Q

IN ORDER TO

A

SUFFICIENT

49
Q

THEN

A

NECESSARY

50
Q

ONLY , ONLY IF

A

NECESSARY

51
Q

MUST, REQUIRED

A

NECESSARY

52
Q

UNLESS , EXCEPT

A

NECESSARY

53
Q

UNTIL

A

NECESSARY

54
Q

WITHOUT

A

NECESSARY

55
Q

if **only if ** is there it becomes necessary

A

necessary

56
Q

when you see the word only in front of a sufficient indicator the word only takes over

A

only when
only people who

57
Q

NEITHER NOR MEANS

A

NOT ONE AND THE OTHER

58
Q

UNLESS, EXEPT,UNTIL, WIHTOUT
*SPECIAL NECESARY INDICATOR WORDS

A

we treat them as (-) WORDS THERE IS A TWO STEP PROCESS

WE TREAT THIS WORDS ARE NECESSARY INDICATOR WORDS
-WHATEVER TERM IS MODIFY BY THESE NECESSARY INDICATOR WORDS BECOMES THE NECESSARY CONDITION

CLASS EXAMPLE:

UNLESS A PERSON STUDIES , HE OR SHE WILL NOT RECEIVE AN A+
(GET RID OF THE NEGATIVE NOT ) A+ BECOMES SUFFICIENT
2. THE REMAINING TERM IS NEGATED AND BECOMES THE SUFFICIENT CONDITION

SUFFICIENT NECESSARY

A+ ——-> STUDY

59
Q

WHAT IS BIOCONDITIONALS

A

YOU CAN DETERMINE IF YOU SEE IF AND ONLY IF
*IT GIVES US TWO CONDITIONAL RULES INTO ONE

60
Q

FOR READING COMPREHENTION TREAT IT AS A MUST BE TRUE QUESTIONS

A

WHICH IS STRONGLY SUPPORTED

61
Q

WHAT IS SUFFICIENT CONDITION

A

something that sends a signal, i.e. an indication that a necessary condition must occur.

62
Q

WHAT IS A NECESSARY CONDITION

A

the necessary condition is required by the sufficient condition

63
Q

EITHER MEANS

A

OR

64
Q

how to approach the word “the only”

A

” the only” can be approached as a sufficient indicator word

65
Q

“the only” example and diagram
The only people who like parties are extroverts.

A

People who like parties——-> Extroverts

66
Q

how to approach **No **in the beginning of a sentence
ex: No electrictian is an architect

A

No in the beginning of a sentence is different than “not”
when you see no in the beggining of the setence it modifies the necessary condition
“No electrician is an architect,” you
mean that no person in the group of electricians has the characteristic of being an architect

67
Q

necessary indicator words

A

are demanding

68
Q

sufficient indicator words

A

are people, places, times

69
Q

when you see **in order to **it usually means

A

a sufficient condition

70
Q

the word “when” is a

A

sufficient indicator

71
Q

the word “if” is

A

a sufficient indicator

72
Q

“none but” = only

A

only
*only is a necessary term

73
Q

example:
none but the proud is arrogant
which is he sufficient and the necessary

A

none but = only (necessary indicator)

sufficient necessary
Arrogant —-> Proud

74
Q

“only if” is

A

necessary condition

75
Q

Any is

A

sufficient indicator word

76
Q

either/or

A

at least one of the two, possibly both

77
Q

“than either”

A

either tranlates for both
example :
Akio is taller than either of the other two boys on the team.
This statement means that Akio is individually the tallest of the three.

78
Q

AND TURNS TO OR WHEN WE HAVE MULTIPLES SUFFICIENT AND NECESSARY CONDITIONS

A

WHEN WE SEE OR , OR TURNS TO AND

79
Q

if you see if and only if
*and connects the ifs which creates 2 seperate conditional statements

A
  1. “A if B” B—-> A
    and
  2. “A only if B”. A——->B
    A<———-> B
    when we have a double arrow either they occur
    together or both do not occur.
    one term can’t attend without the other
80
Q

“if” introduces
a sufficient
condition

A

A IF B
Sufficient Necessary
B——————> A

81
Q

double arrow introduce

A

if the phrase “if and only if” or “if but only if”
- vise versa (if A attends then B attends and vice versa)
-repeating and reversing terms (if A attends then B attends and if B attends then A attends)

82
Q
A

lsat (6 decks)

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