Lesson 2 Flashcards
Outer boundary of the cell
– Separates the internal environment of the cell from the external environment
– Regulates material moving into and out of the cell
Plasma membrane
Ability of the membrane to let some materials in and keep others out
Selective permeability
Has a constantly changing and shifting phospholipid bilayer (fluid)
• Has different proteins embedded on it (mosaic)
Fluid mosaic
– Portion of the cell outside the
nucleus
– Contains all the other cell organelles
Cytoplasm
Fluid part of the cytoplasm
• where organelles are suspended
Cytosol
Produces cellular energy in the form of ATP through a process called cellular respiration (metabolizes glucose)
Mitochondria
site of protein synthesis
-links amino acids together to form proteins
Ribosomes
transport system within the cell - transport cell materials
Endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum two types
Rough and smooth
has ribosomes which give it its “rough” appearance -functions in protein synthesis
Rough er
mostly contains enzymes that function in lipid synthesis)
Smooth er
-flattened stacks of membranes
–collects, packages and modifies cell materials to be used in other parts of the cell or transported out of the cell
Golgi apparatus
-digests and recycles old cell parts, sometimes bacteria
-contain high levels of enzymes
Lysosomes
used during cell division to move and separate chromosomes
- only found in animal cells
Centrioles
The cell control center
– Contains the chromosomes
– Separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane
nuclear envelope
Nucleus
Contained in the cell’s nucleus.
Chromosomes
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
produces daughter cell identical to the parent.
Mitotic cell division
cell grows in size
– organelles replicated
___ – replication of DNA
– synthesis of proteins
associated with DNA
___ – synthesis of proteins associated with mitosis
Interphase
Division of somatic cells (non-reproductive cells) in eukaryotic organisms.
A single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
Daughter cells have same # of chromosomes as does parent cell.
Mitosis
Mitosis 4 sub-phases:
1st – Prophase
2nd – Metaphase
3rd – Anaphase
4th – Telophase
chromosomes condense
- spindle fibers form
(spindle fibers are specialized microtubules radiating out from centrioles)
- chromosomes are captured by spindle
Prophase
chromosomes align along equator of the cell, with one kinetochore facing each pole
Metaphase
sister chromatids separate
• spindle fibers attached to kinetochores shorten and
pull chromatids towards the poles.
• free spindle fibers lengthen and push poles of cell apart
Anaphase
spindle fibers disintegrate
• nuclear envelopes form around both groups of chromosomes
•chromosomes revert to their extended state
• cytokinesis occurs, enclosing each daughter nucleus into a separate cell
Telophase
undergo cytokinesis by forming a cell plate between the two daughter nuclei.
Plant cell
undergo cytokinesis through the formation of a cleavage furrow. A ring of microtubules contract, pinching the cell in half.
Animal cell
