Lesson 2 Flashcards
Clear awareness and understanding of something
Knowledge
Propositions observed to be real/truthful
Facts
Statements not evidently known to be true
Claim
5 Perspectives on Truth
- Justified or proven through yhe use of senses
- Based on facts
- Getting consensus/common belief
- Prove statement through action
- Claims & beliefs should be tested
Go beyond providing facts, provide conclusions/perspective
Opinions
Judgement based on certain facts
Conclusions
Statements expressing convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts
Beliefs
Statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why they are true
Explanation
Series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim is truthful
Arguments
Branch of Philosophy that focuses on the analysis of arguments
Logic
Do Philosophers not assume that everything is true?
Yes
Drives our desire to discover truth
Doubt
- Applied by philosophers
- Follows a process
- Scrutinized and analyzed
Systematic Doubt
Difference between the following statements:
- I am a Filipino.
- Am I a Filipino?
- Statement
- Doubt
Statements about the world or
reality. It may or may not carry the truth. It
usually started as short statements or sentences.
Prepositions
the clear awareness and
understanding of something. The product of
questions that allow clear answers provided by
facts.
Knowledge
Propositions which are observed to be
real or truthful.
Facts
Statements that are not evidently known
to be true. Statements that need further
examination to establish whether it is true or
false.
Claim
What are the perspectives on truth?
1.If it can be justified or proven through the use
of one’s senses.
2.If it is based on facts.
3.Getting consensus or having people agree on a
common belief.
4. Requires a person to prove a statement
through an action.
5. Claims and beliefs should be subjected to
tests to determine truth.
It go beyond providing facts. They
provide conclusions or perspective.
Opinions
A judgment based on certain
facts.
Conclusions
statements that expresses convictions that are not easily and clearly
explained by facts.
Beliefs
statements that assume the
claim to be true and provide reasons why the
statements are true.
Explanations
series of statements that
provide reasons to convince the reader or
listener that a claim is truthful.
Arguments
the branch of Philosophy that focuses
on the analysis of arguments.
Logic
Arguments that are based on faulty
reasoning. Some of it may be intentional.
Fallacy
attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the
argument itself.
Ad Hominem
using the threat of force
or an undesirable event to advance an
argument
Appeal to Force
using emotions such
as pity or sympathy
Appeal to Emotion
the idea is
presented as acceptable because a lot of
people accept it
Appeal to Popular
the idea is
acceptable because it has been true for
a long time
Appeal to Tradition
assuming the
thing or idea to proven is true
Begging the Question or Circular Argument
assuming a cause
and effect relationship between unrelated events
Cause-and-Effect
assuming that
what is true of a part is true for the whole
Fallacy of a Composition
assuming that what
is true for the whole is true for its parts
Fallacy of Division
personal view of the person
presenting it.
Bias
tendency to judge a person’s
personality by his actions.
Correspondence bias or attribution effect
look for and readily
accept information which fits one;s own
beliefs or rejects the ideas that go
against it
Confirmation bias
focusing on a certain aspect of
a problem while ignoring other aspects
Framing
tendency to see past events
as predictable/ pattern to historical
events
Hindsight
a person or group is
connected or vested interest in the issue
being discussed
Conflict of Interest
analyzing an event based
on one;s cultural standard
Cultural Bias
