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APSY 1-1 Intro To Psychology > LESSON 2 > Flashcards

LESSON 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

REVIEW

The first goal of psychology is to describe the different ways that organisms behave.

A

Description

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2
Q

REVIEW

The second goal of psychology is to explain the causes of behavior.

A

Explanation

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3
Q

REVIEW

The third goal of psychology is to predict how organisms will behave in certain situations.

A

Prediction

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4
Q

REVIEW

For some psychologists, the fourth goal of psychology is to _______ an organism’s behavior.

A

Control

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5
Q

It is a system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced. A method of gathering information based on systematic observation.

A

Scientific method

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6
Q

It refers to the general explanation of a set of observations or facts.

a) Theory
b) Law
c) Hypothesis

A

a) Theory

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7
Q

It is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested.

a) Theory
b) Law
c) Hypothesis

A

c) Hypothesis

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8
Q

It is a tentative explanation of facts and relationships in sciences. an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

a) Theory
b) Law
c) Hypothesis

A

a) Theory

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9
Q

It is a strongly supported and widely accepted theory.

a) Theory
b) Law
c) Hypothesis

A

b) Law

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10
Q

It is a testable prediction, often implied by a theory or a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research.

A

Hypothesis

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11
Q

A term that means repeating the study or experiment to see if the same results will be obtained in an effort to demonstrate reliability of results.

A

replicate

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12
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

These are the steps of Scientific Method:

1) Perceive the question.
2) Form a hypothesis
3) Test the hypothesis
4) Draw conclusions
5) Report your results so that others can try to replicate

A

TRUE

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13
Q

It is a research conducted without concern for immediate application.

A

Pure Research

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14
Q

It is a research conducted in an effort to find solutions to particular problems.

A

Applied Research

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15
Q

A Research method based on recording behavior as it occurs in natural life settings.

A

Naturalistic observation

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16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

One of the major advantages of Participant observation is it has a realistic picture of behavior.

A

FALSE. The statement refers to the major advantage of Naturalistic Observation.

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17
Q

A disadvantage of Naturalistic Observation that refers to the tendency of people or animals to behave differently from
normal when they know they are being observed.

A

Observer Effect

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18
Q

A disadvantage of naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed (to reduce observer effect).

A

Participant observation

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19
Q

It is the tendency of observers to see what they expect to see.

A

Observer bias

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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Blind observers refers to people who do not know what the research question is (to reduce observer bias).

A

TRUE

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Naturalistic Observation refers to watching animals or humans behave in a laboratory setting.

A

FALSE. The descriptive method refers to Laboratory observation.

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22
Q

A disadvantage of this descriptive method that lead to the formation of testable hypotheses.

A

Laboratory observation

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23
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

The following are the advantages of Laboratory Observation:
1) Control over environment
2) Allows use of specialized equipment

A

TRUE

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24
Q

“Artificial situation that may result in artificial behavior.”

The statement refers to the disadvantage of _______?

A

Laboratory observation

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25
Q

Refers to a descriptive method that study one individual in great detail.

A

Case Study

26
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Case Study is an in-depth analysis of the thoughts, feelings, beliefs, experiences, behaviors, or problems of a single individual.

A

TRUE

27
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Survey is an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

A

FALSE. The statement refers to Case Study,

28
Q

A way to obtain information by asking many individuals— either person to person, by telephone, or by mail—to answer a fixed set of questions about particular subjects.

A

Surveys

29
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Survey is a research method that utilizes interviews and questionnaire with individuals in the community.

A

TRUE

30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Interviews are given to a representative sample - randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects.

A

FALSE. The statement refers to surveys.

31
Q

It is the entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested.

A

Population

32
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Sample is the entire group of individuals to be considered.

A

FALSE. The correct answer is Population.

33
Q

It is a sample drawn that each member of a population has equal chance of being selected to participate.

A

Random Sampling

34
Q

It is a sample drawn so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample.

A

Stratified Sample

35
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

One of the disadvantages of survey is they have to ensure the representative sample.

A

TRUE

36
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Courtesy Bias does not occur in surveys.

A

FALSE. In surveys, people are not always accurate. It is one of its disadvantages.

37
Q

What are the advantages of Survey?

A

1) Data from large numbers of people.
2) Study covert behaviors.

38
Q

A type of sample that includes anyone who is available. It is the easiest, but the results may not generalize to the whole population.

a) Random Sample
b) Convenience Sample
c) Representative Sample

A

b) Convenience Sample

39
Q

A type of sample that has the same percentage of male/female, white/black, etc. as the whole population.

a) Random Sample
b) Convenience Sample
c) Representative Sample

A

c) Representative Sample

40
Q

The results of this sample may be similar to the whole population, however it may also be representative in some ways than others.

A

Representative Sample

41
Q

A type of sample where everyone in the population has the same chance of being chosen. It is difficult to get this kind of sample, but it is the best suited for generalizing the whole population.

a) Random Sample
b) Cross-cultural
c) Representative Sample

A

a) Random Sample

42
Q

A type of sample that includes people from different cultures. The difficulties that researchers may encounter are language barriers, cooperation problems, etc., but it is still essential for studying many issues.

a) Random Sample
b) Cross-cultural
c) Representative Sample

A

b) Cross-cultural

43
Q

To measure the strength of a correlation, researchers use a ____________, a mathematical estimate of the relationship between two variables.

A

correlation coefficient

44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Correlation coefficient (r) represents two things:
1) direction of the relationship
2) strength of the relationship

A

TRUE

45
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Knowing the value of one variable allows researchers to predict the value of the other variable.

A

TRUE

46
Q

Refers to a situation when the two variables increase in the same direction—as one goes up, the other goes up; as one decreases, the other also decreases.

a) Positive Correlation Coefficient
b) Negative Correlation Coefficient

A

a) Positive Correlation Coefficient

47
Q

The two variables have an inverse relationship—as one
increases, the other decreases.

A

Negative Correlation Coefficient

48
Q

Research methods that allow the researcher to manipulate the independent variable in order to study the effect on the dependent variable (cause and effect relationship).

A

Formal Experiments

49
Q

These are capable of being measured in numerical terms.

A

Quantitative Measures

50
Q

The Variable whose quantitative value depends on the effects of the independent variables.

A

Dependent Variables

51
Q

The Variable whose quantitative value can be independently controlled by researcher.

A

Independent Variables

52
Q

The group in simple experiments that receives none of the independent variable and is used for comparisons with the treatment group.

a) Control Group
b) Experiment Group
c) Intervention Group

A

a) Control Group

53
Q

The group in an experiment that receives some value of the independent variable.

a) Control Group
b) Experiment Group
c) Intervention Group

A

b) Experiment Group

54
Q

A situation in which extraneous variables are not controlled or cannot be shown to exist equally in one’s experimental and control groups.

a) Expectations
b) Confound
c) Placebo Effect

A

b) Confound

55
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

When there is a confound, one cannot attribute changes in the dependent variable to the manipulation of the independent variable.

A

TRUE

56
Q

What the investigator or the research participant anticipates about the experimental outcome.

a) Expectations
b) Confound
c) Placebo Effect

A

a) Expectations

57
Q

The case where the expectations for the experimental manipulation cause the outcome rather than (or in addition to) the manipulation itself.

a) Expectations
b) Confound
c) Placebo Effect

A

c) Placebo Effect

58
Q

A procedure for circumventing the effects of experimenter or participant expectations.

A

double-blind procedure

59
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

In a double-blind study, the participant and the experimenter knows what treatment the participant is receiving.

A

FALSE. Neither the participant nor the experimenter knows what treatment the participant is receiving until the very end of the study.

60
Q

To explain the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participants.

A

Debrief

APSY 1-1 Intro To Psychology (4 decks)

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