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APSY 1-1 Intro To Psychology > LESSON 1 > Flashcards

LESSON 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

More than 2,000 years ago, Aristotle wrote a book on psychology with contents similar to those in the book you’re reading.

A

TRUE

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2
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

The ancient Greek philosopher Socrates suggested a research method that is still used in psychology.

A

TRUE

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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Men receive the majority of doctoral degrees in psychology.

A

FALSE

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4
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Even though she had worked to complete all the degree requirements, the first female president of the American Psychological Association turned down the doctoral degree that was offered to her.

A

TRUE

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5
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

You could survey millions of voters and still not accurately predict the outcome of a presidential election.

A

TRUE

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6
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

In many experiments, neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the real treatment and who is not.

A

TRUE

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7
Q

It is an approach to knowledge based on systematic observations.

A

Science

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8
Q

It refers to all of a person’s overt actions that others can directly observe.

a) behaviors
b) responses
c) awareness

A

a) behaviors

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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Observable actions or responses are only in humans.

A

FALSE. Observable actions are also applicable to animals.

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10
Q

It is a behavior that is observable and can be manifested outwardly (walking, playing, writing).

a) Covert Behavior
b) Overt Behavior
c) Rational Behavior

A

b) Overt Behavior

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11
Q

It is a behavior in which actions are not directly observable (lying, learning).

a) Covert Behavior
b) Overt Behavior
c) Rational Behavior

A

a) Covert Behavior

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12
Q

It pertains to the action that is within one’s awareness.

a) Rational Behavior
b) Overt Behavior
c) Conscious Behavior

A

c) Conscious Behavior

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13
Q

These are actions done by an individual yet he is not aware of doing so (strive for hunger and thirst).

A

Unconscious behavior

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14
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Rational Behavior is manifested through an action that is in the realm of sanity and adequate reason.

A

TRUE

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15
Q

It pertains to actions that are done without any apparent reason and explanation.

A

Irrational Behavior

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16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Conscious behavior is done with man’s full will and discretion.

A

FALSE. It is called Voluntary Behavior.

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17
Q

These are actions done automatically like breathing digestion, and circulation of the blood.

A

Involuntary Behavior

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18
Q

They are private and not directly observable, refer to a wide range of complexities, such as thinking, imagining, studying, and dreaming.

A

Mental Processes

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19
Q

Sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, motivations, beliefs, and feelings are called?

A

Subjective experiences

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20
Q

These are the roles of a Psychologist, except?

a) describe, predict, and explain human behavior
b) speculate and relies on intuition
c) helps people to change and improve their lives

A

b) speculate and relies on intuition

They are often inaccurate, so it is not advisable.

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Psychologists use scientific method to find valid and legitimate answers.

A

TRUE

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22
Q

PSYCHOLOGY is from the Greek term “psyche” which means?

a) Behavior or Actions
b) Soul or Mind
c) Mental and Thoughts

A

b) Soul or Mind

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23
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

The word PSYCHOLOGY is from the Greek word “logos” that means word.

A

TRUE

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24
Q

Seven thousand years ago, people assumed that psychological problems were caused by __________?

A

evil spirits

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25
Q

It is a procedure that ancient healers used to chip a hole in a patient’s skull with crude instruments.

A

trephining

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26
Q

A Greek naturalist and philosopher theorized about learning and memory, motivation and emotion, perception and personality.

A

Aristotle

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27
Q

Believes that nerves were hollow tubes through which “animal spirits” conducted impulses in the same way that water is transmitted through a pipe.

A

René Descartes

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28
Q

Argued that a trained observer could discern intelligence, moral character, and other basic personality characteristics from the shape and number of bumps on a person’s skull.

A

Franz Josef Gall

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29
Q

His theory gave rise to the field of phrenology, employed by hundreds of practitioners in the 19th century.

a) Aristotle
b) René Descartes
c) Franz Josef Gall

A

c) Franz Josef Gall

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30
Q

When did psychology broke away from philosophy and became a separate field of study?

A

In the 1800s and early 1900s

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31
Q

He is considered as the Father of Psychology.

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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32
Q

On December 1879, medical doctor and sensory researcher Wilhelm Wundt set up the first psychology laboratory in _____?

A

Leipzig, Germany

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33
Q

He proposed that experience is composed of elements and compounds, like those of chemistry.

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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34
Q

What are the elements of Psychology according to Wilhelm?

A

sensations and feelings

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35
Q

It was a method of exploring conscious mental processes by asking subjects to look inward and report their sensations and perceptions.

A

Introspection (the process of looking inward at one’s own consciousness)

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36
Q

After Receiving his Ph.D. in 1892, Wundt’s student __________ (physicists and chemists) joined the Cornell University faculty and introduced structuralism.

A

Edward Bradford Titchener

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37
Q

It was the study of the most basic elements, primarily sensations, and perceptions that make up our conscious mental experiences.

A

Structuralism

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38
Q

The school of psychology argues that the mind consists of three basic elements which combine to form experience.

What are these elements?

A

1) sensation
2) feelings
3) images

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39
Q

The first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D., she also synthesized animal behavior research in The Animal Mind.

A

Margaret Floy Washburn

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40
Q

The Founder/Father of American psychology. He focused on what the mind does rather than what it is.

A

William James

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41
Q

It is a school of psychology that focuses on how our mental and behavioral processes function—how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

A

Functionalism

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42
Q

He preferred to learn how people produce useful behaviors.

a) Max Wertheimer
b) Edward Bradford Titchener
c) William James

A

c) William James

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43
Q

The illusion that flashing lights appear to move was first studied in 1912 by three psychologists: Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and ________?

A

Kurt Koffka

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44
Q

It is a perception of apparent movement between two stationary stimuli (known today as apparent motion).

A

phi phenomenon

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45
Q

It is a German word that means whole, organized, or unified whole.

A

Gestalt

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46
Q

It emphasized that perception is more than the sum of its parts and studied how sensations are assembled into meaningful perceptual experiences.

A

Gestalt approach

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47
Q

A School of thought based on the belief that human consciousness cannot be broken down into its elements.

A

Gestalt approach

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48
Q

Complete the pattern.

Structuralism: Elements of the Mind
Functionalism: ______________
Gestalt Approach: Sensations Versus Perceptions
Psychoanalysis: _____________
Behaviorism: Observable Behaviors

A

Functionalism: Functions of the Mind
Psychoanalysis: The Past Determines Who You Are

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49
Q

He revolutionized and popularized psychotherapy with his methods of analyzing patients’ dreams and memories.

A

Sigmund Freud

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50
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Freud emphasized the ways emotional responses to childhood experiences and our unconscious thought processes affect our behavior.

A

TRUE

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51
Q

The technique of helping persons with emotional problems based on Sigmund Freud’s theory of the unconscious mind.

A

Psychoanalysis

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52
Q

All mental activity of which we are unaware.

A

Unconscious mind

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53
Q

Internal states or conditions that activate behavior and give it direction.

A

Motive

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54
Q

The founder of behaviorism, a field of psychology that concentrates on observable, measurable behaviors and not on mental processes.

A

John B. Watson

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55
Q

It emphasized the objective, scientific analysis of observable behaviors.

A

Behavioral Approach

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56
Q

The school of psychology that defines psychology as the study of observable behavior and studies relationships, between stimuli and responses.

A

Behavioral Approach

57
Q

Stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the response.

A

Reinforcement

58
Q

Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior.

A

Behaviorism

59
Q

Why did behaviorists avoid the topics of thought and Knowledge?

A

Behaviorists concentrate on observable behaviors, whereas thought and knowledge are unobservable processes within the individual.

60
Q

It is used to allow the escape of evil spirits.

A

Trephining

61
Q

What are the four goals of psychology?

A

1) Description (Describe)
2) Explanation (Understand)
3) Prediction (Predict)
4) Control (Influence)

62
Q

It is the first goal of psychology that aims to describe the different ways that organisms behave.

A

Description

63
Q

It is the second goal of psychology that aims to explain the causes of behavior.

A

Explanation

64
Q

It is the third goal of psychology which aims to predict how organisms will behave in certain situations.

A

Prediction

65
Q

For some psychologists, the fourth goal of psychology is to __________ an organism’s behavior.

A

Control

66
Q

It is the modern version of psychoanalysis.

A

Psychodynamic Perspective

67
Q

It is based on the belief that childhood experiences greatly influence the development of later personality traits and psychological problems.

A

Psychodynamic Perspective

68
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Psychodynamic Perspective stresses the influence of unconscious fears, desires, and motivations on thoughts and behaviors.

A

TRUE

69
Q

He studied operant conditioning of voluntary behavior.

A

Burrhus Frederic (B. F.) Skinner

70
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Freud introduced the concept of reinforcement to behaviorism.

A

B. F. Skinner

71
Q

It analyzes how organisms learn new behaviors or modify existing ones, depending on whether events in their environments reward or punish these behaviors.

A

Behavioral Perspective/Approach

72
Q

It emphasize on both observable behavior and the process of learning.

A

Contemporary Behaviorism

73
Q

The school of psychology that emphasizes the process of learning and measurement of overt behavior.

A

Behaviorism

74
Q

It is a simple form of learning.

A

Conditioning

75
Q

Learning in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of its occurrences.

A

Operant Conditioning

76
Q

The process of making a behavior more likely to occur by rewarding the behavior or successive approximations of the behavior.

A

Reinforcement

77
Q

It focuses on how we process, store, and use information and how this information influences what we attend to, perceive, learn, remember, believe, and feel.

A

Cognitive Perspective

78
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Behavioral Perspective has to do with mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thoughts and problem solving.

A

FALSE. It is Cognitive Perspective.

79
Q

Mental process of Perceiving, believing, thinking, remembering, knowing, deciding, and so on.

A

Cognition

80
Q

Reflects a belief that our behavior and emotions are caused in large part by our cognitions.

A

Cognitive Perspective

81
Q

Led by Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Viktor Frankl during the 1950’s and 1960’s

A

Humanistic - Existential Perspective

82
Q

The psychological view that human beings possess an innate tendency to improve and determine their lives by the decision they make.

A

Humanistic Psychology

83
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Humanists held the view that people have free will, but does not have the freedom to choose their own destiny.

A

FALSE. People have the freedom to choose their own destiny.

84
Q

This Psychology emphasized the human potential, the ability of each person to become the best person he or she could be.

A

Humanistic Psychology

85
Q

The process of achieving one’s full potential or actual self.

A

Self-actualization

86
Q

It examines how our genes, hormones, and nervous system interact with our environments to influence learning, personality, memory, motivation, emotions, coping techniques, and other traits and abilities.

A

Biopsychological Perspective

87
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Sociocultural approach is interested in the areas of the brain that play roles in emotion, reasoning, speaking and other psychological processes.

A

FALSE. It is the Biopsychological perspective.

88
Q

It is the view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental processes

A

Sociocultural Perspective

89
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

The Sociocultural approach studies the influence of social and cultural factors on behaviors and mental processes.

A

TRUE

90
Q

It focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture.

a) Evolutionary Perspective
b) Behavioral Perspective
c) Sociocultural Perspective

A

c) Sociocultural Perspective

91
Q

The culturally define concepts of masculinity and femininity.

A

Gender

91
Q

It studies how evolutionary ideas, such as adaptation and natural selection, explain behaviors and mental processes.

A

Evolutionary Perspective

92
Q

It focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share.

a) Psychodynamic Perspective
b) Evolutionary Perspective
c) Biopsychological Perspective

A

b) Evolutionary Perspective

93
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Biopsychological Perspective sees behavior as having an adaptive or survival value.

A

FALSE. It is the Evolutionary Perspective.

94
Q

A current perspective in Psychology that refers to how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.

A

Neuroscience

1) How are messages transmitted within the body?
2) How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?

94
Q

It is how the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes

A

Evolutionary

1) How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?

94
Q

It is how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences.

A

Behavior Genetics

1) To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attribute to our genes? To our environment?

94
Q

It refers to how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts.

A

Psychodynamic

1) How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as the disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?

95
Q

it is how we learn observable responses.

A

Behavioral

1) How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations?
2) What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say, to lose weight or stop smoking?

96
Q

It is how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

A

Cognitive

1) How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Solving problems?

97
Q

It is how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.

A

Social-cultural

1) How are we humans alike as members of one human family?
2) As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?

98
Q

It conducts Research on basic psychological process such as emotion, thinking, and learning by using Scientific methods.

A

Experimental Field

99
Q

It uses knowledge acquired by Experimental Psychologists, to solve and prevent significant human problems such as emotional instability, marital difficulties, underachievement in school, and job dissatisfaction.

A

Applied Field

100
Q

It is under experimental field that involves research on the physical and chemical changes that occur during stress, learning, and emotions, as well as how our genetic makeup, brain, and nervous system interact with our environments and influence our behaviors.

A

Biological psychology or psychobiology

101
Q

They study the biological basis of learning and memory; the effects of brain damage; the causes of sleep and wakefulness; the basis of hunger, thirst, and sex; the effects of stress on the body; and the ways in which drugs influence behavior.

A

Physiological psychologists or Psychobiologists

102
Q

It studies how behavior changes with age and examines moral, social, emotional, and cognitive development.

A

Developmental Psychology

103
Q

It refers to thought and knowledge.

A

Cognition

104
Q

They emphasize how our thinking influences our behaviors.

A

Cognitive psychologists

105
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Typical research for cognitive psychologists focuses on memory, language, problem solving, and decision making.

A

TRUE

106
Q

It studies how behavior depends on the outcomes of past behaviors and current motivations.

A

Learning and Motivation

107
Q

The study of how an individual influences other people and how the group influences an individual.

A

Social Psychology

108
Q

It compares the behavior of people from different cultures. It overlaps social psychology, except that it compares one culture to another.

A

Cross-cultural Psychology

109
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Comparing people from a single culture is central to determining what is truly characteristic of humans and what varies depending on our background.

A

FALSE. Cross-cultural Psychology compares people from DIFFERENT cultures.

110
Q

A field of psychology that focuses on the more or less consistent ways of behaving that characterize our personality

A

Personality

111
Q

They have an advanced degree in psychology, with a specialty in understanding and helping people with psychological problems.

A

Clinical Psychologists

112
Q

They have a doctorate degree (PhD, PsyD, or EdD) with supervised experience in counseling. They also help people with educational, vocational, marriage, health-related, and other decisions.

A

Counseling psychologists

113
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Whereas a clinical psychologist deals mainly with anxiety, depression, and other emotional distress, a counseling psychologist deals mostly with life decisions and family or career readjustments, which, admittedly, can cause anxiety or
depression.

A

TRUE

114
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Some counseling psychologists are college professors and researchers, but most are full-time practitioners.

A

FALSE. The original statement refers to clinical psychologists.

115
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Counseling psychologists work in educational institutions, mental health centers, rehabilitation agencies, businesses, and private practice.

A

TRUE

116
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

School Psychology is concerned with the ways children learned in the class room and the construction of psychological educational test.

A

FALSE. The statement refers to Educational Psychology.

117
Q

It consults with the teachers about children who are experiencing learning or behavioral problems and they test children to see if they could benefit from Special Education Program.

A

School Psychology

118
Q

Specialist in this field focus attention on the in which pressures, conflicts, hardship, and other factors may contribute to poor health.

A

Health Psychology

119
Q

A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.

a) Psychiatrist
b) Psychoanalyst
c) Psychologist

A

a) Psychiatrist

120
Q

Either a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has special training in the theories of Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalysis.

a) Psychiatric Social Worker
b) Psychoanalyst
c) Doctor

A

b) Psychoanalyst

121
Q

A social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse.

A

Psychiatric Social Worker

122
Q

A professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology.

a) Psychiatrist
b) Psychoanalyst
c) Psychologist

A

c) Psychologist

123
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Psychiatric social workers can do counseling, teaching, and research and may specialize in any one of a large number of areas within psychology.

A

FALSE. The statement refers to Psychologists.

124
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

Areas of specialization in psychology include clinical, counseling, developmental, social, and personality, among others.

A

TRUE

125
Q

Mental process of perceiving, believing, thinking, remembering, knowing, deciding.

A

Cognition

126
Q

Viewpoint in psychology that emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes, such as perception, memory, and thinking.

A

Cognitive psychology

127
Q

School of psychology that emphasizes the process of learning and measurements of overt behavior.

A

Behaviorism

128
Q

Viewpoint that the most important aspects of behavior are learned from other persons in society – family, friends, and culture

A

Social Learning theory

129
Q

Psychological view that human beings posses an innate tendency to improve and determine their lives by the decisions they make.

A

Humanistic psychology

130
Q

Perspective founded by Binet that focus on the measurement of mental functions

A

Psychometrics

131
Q

Viewpoint in psychology that focuses on the nervous system in explaining behavior and mental processes.

A

Neuroscience perspective

132
Q

Theory of psychology that states it is necessary to understand a person’s culture and other social influences to fully understand him/her.

a) Social Anthropology
b) Humanistic Perspective
c) Sociocultural Perspective

A

c) Sociocultural Perspective

133
Q

A field of social science that studies the ways in which cultures are both similar and different from another and how cultures influence human behavior.

A

Social Anthropology

134
Q

Perspective that promotes thinking of different thinking culture in relative terms rather than judgement terms.

A

Cultural relativity

APSY 1-1 Intro To Psychology (4 decks)

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