Lesson 2 Flashcards
Cell
functional unit of living organism
tissue
group of cells with similar structure/function
organ
formed by organization of tissues
organ system
formed by group of related organs performing a common function
epithelial tissue
- cellularity and specialized contacts
- polarity - apical or basal
- supported by connective tissue
- avascularity
- regeneration
simple squamous epithelium
single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of epithelia
Simple cuboidal epithelium
single layer of cube like cells with large, spherical central nuclei
simple columnar epithelium
single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)
pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting goblet cells and bear cilia
stratified squamous epithelium
thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers
stratified cuboidal epithelium
generally two layers of cube-like cells
stratified columnar epithelium
several cell layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated and columnar
transitional epithelium
resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous like, depending on degree of organ stretch
connective tissue
- rich blood supply
- composed of many cells types
- has nonliving material (extracellular matrix) found between cells; matrix is produced by cells and is composed of ground substance and fibers
ground substance
interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins (allows cells to stick to each other or to their substrates), and proteoglycans (proteins with sugar chains attached)
fibers
collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
embryonic connective tissue: Mesenchyme
embryonic connective tissue; gel-like ground substance containing fibers; star-shaped mesenchymal cells
connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar
gel-like matrix with all three fivers types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells
connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose
matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet
connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular
network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network
CTP: dense connective tissue, dense regular
primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblasts
CTP: dense connective tissue, dense irregular
primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast
CTP: dense connective tissue, elastic
dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers
cartilage: hyaline
amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae
cartilage: elastic
similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix
cartilage: fibrocartilage
matrix similar to but less than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate
bones (osseous tissue)
hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocyte lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized
blood
red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)
skeletal muscle tissue
- voluntary muscle that is striated in appearance
- long, cylindrical, multi-nucleated cells; obvious striations
cardiac muscle tissue
- involuntary muscle found in the heart
- branching, striated, generally uni-nucleated cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions called intercalated discs
smooth muscle tissue
- involuntary visceral muscle that line the walls of hollow organs
- spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets
nervous tissue
neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are non excitable supporting cells
epidermis
superficial region; consists of 5 major layers
stratum corneum
outermost layer (20-30 cells thick), accounts for bulk of epidermal thickness
stratum lucidum
very thin clear layer that exists in thick skin and is NOT present in thin skin
stratum granulosum
thin layer containing granules that provide waterproofing and support
stratum spinosum
several cell thick, cells in lower layer able to get nutrients and undergo cell division
stratum basale
innermost layer (single cell layer thick), cells undergo mitotic division
dermis
connective tissue region consisting of two layers: papillary layer and reticular layer
papillary layer
superficial layer composed of areolar connective tissue. pain receptors (free nerve endings) and Meissner’s corpuscles (touch receptors found in hairless skin) located here
reticular layer
deepest skin layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue containing many arteries and veins, sweat and sebaceous glands, and Pacinian corpuscles
hypertension
flushed skin
anemia
pale skin
asphyxiation/lung disease
cyanosis - bluish skin
liver disease
jaundice - yellow skin
addison’s disease
hypo-secretion from adrenal