Lesson 2

Question 1

Cell

Answer 1

functional unit of living organism

Question 2

tissue

Answer 2

group of cells with similar structure/function

Question 3

organ

Answer 3

formed by organization of tissues

Question 4

organ system

Answer 4

formed by group of related organs performing a common function

Question 5

epithelial tissue

Answer 5

1. cellularity and specialized contacts
2. polarity - apical or basal
3. supported by connective tissue
4. avascularity
5. regeneration

Question 6

simple squamous epithelium

Answer 6

single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of epithelia

Question 7

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 7

single layer of cube like cells with large, spherical central nuclei

Question 8

simple columnar epithelium

Answer 8

single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)

Question 9

pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

Answer 9

single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting goblet cells and bear cilia

Question 10

stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 10

thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers

Question 11

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Answer 11

generally two layers of cube-like cells

Question 12

stratified columnar epithelium

Answer 12

several cell layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated and columnar

Question 13

transitional epithelium

Answer 13

resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous like, depending on degree of organ stretch

Question 14

connective tissue

Answer 14

1. rich blood supply
2. composed of many cells types
3. has nonliving material (extracellular matrix) found between cells; matrix is produced by cells and is composed of ground substance and fibers

Question 15

ground substance

Answer 15

interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins (allows cells to stick to each other or to their substrates), and proteoglycans (proteins with sugar chains attached)

Question 16

fibers

Answer 16

collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

Question 17

embryonic connective tissue: Mesenchyme

Answer 17

embryonic connective tissue; gel-like ground substance containing fibers; star-shaped mesenchymal cells

Question 18

connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar

Answer 18

gel-like matrix with all three fivers types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells

Question 19

connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose

Answer 19

matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet

Question 20

connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular

Answer 20

network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network

Question 21

CTP: dense connective tissue, dense regular

Answer 21

primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblasts

Question 22

CTP: dense connective tissue, dense irregular

Answer 22

primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast

Question 23

CTP: dense connective tissue, elastic

Answer 23

dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers

Question 24

cartilage: hyaline

Answer 24

amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae

Question 25

cartilage: elastic

Answer 25

similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix

Question 26

cartilage: fibrocartilage

Answer 26

matrix similar to but less than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate

Question 27

bones (osseous tissue)

Answer 27

hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocyte lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized

Question 28

blood

Answer 28

red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)

Question 29

skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 29

- voluntary muscle that is striated in appearance - long, cylindrical, multi-nucleated cells; obvious striations

Question 30

cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 30

- involuntary muscle found in the heart - branching, striated, generally uni-nucleated cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions called intercalated discs

Question 31

smooth muscle tissue

Answer 31

- involuntary visceral muscle that line the walls of hollow organs - spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets

Question 32

nervous tissue

Answer 32

neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are non excitable supporting cells

Question 33

epidermis

Answer 33

superficial region; consists of 5 major layers

Question 34

stratum corneum

Answer 34

outermost layer (20-30 cells thick), accounts for bulk of epidermal thickness

Question 35

stratum lucidum

Answer 35

very thin clear layer that exists in thick skin and is NOT present in thin skin

Question 36

stratum granulosum

Answer 36

thin layer containing granules that provide waterproofing and support

Question 37

stratum spinosum

Answer 37

several cell thick, cells in lower layer able to get nutrients and undergo cell division

Question 38

stratum basale

Answer 38

innermost layer (single cell layer thick), cells undergo mitotic division

Question 39

dermis

Answer 39

connective tissue region consisting of two layers: papillary layer and reticular layer

Question 40

papillary layer

Answer 40

superficial layer composed of areolar connective tissue. pain receptors (free nerve endings) and Meissner's corpuscles (touch receptors found in hairless skin) located here

Question 41

reticular layer

Answer 41

deepest skin layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue containing many arteries and veins, sweat and sebaceous glands, and Pacinian corpuscles

Question 42

hypertension

Answer 42

flushed skin

Question 43

anemia

Answer 43

pale skin

Question 44

asphyxiation/lung disease

Answer 44

cyanosis - bluish skin

Question 45

liver disease

Answer 45

jaundice - yellow skin

Question 46

addison's disease

Answer 46

hypo-secretion from adrenal