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A&P 1 > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

functional unit of living organism

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2
Q

tissue

A

group of cells with similar structure/function

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3
Q

organ

A

formed by organization of tissues

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4
Q

organ system

A

formed by group of related organs performing a common function

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5
Q

epithelial tissue

A
  1. cellularity and specialized contacts
  2. polarity - apical or basal
  3. supported by connective tissue
  4. avascularity
  5. regeneration
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6
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of epithelia

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7
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

single layer of cube like cells with large, spherical central nuclei

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8
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)

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9
Q

pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

A

single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting goblet cells and bear cilia

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10
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers

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11
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

generally two layers of cube-like cells

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12
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

several cell layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated and columnar

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13
Q

transitional epithelium

A

resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous like, depending on degree of organ stretch

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14
Q

connective tissue

A
  1. rich blood supply
  2. composed of many cells types
  3. has nonliving material (extracellular matrix) found between cells; matrix is produced by cells and is composed of ground substance and fibers
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15
Q

ground substance

A

interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins (allows cells to stick to each other or to their substrates), and proteoglycans (proteins with sugar chains attached)

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16
Q

fibers

A

collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

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17
Q

embryonic connective tissue: Mesenchyme

A

embryonic connective tissue; gel-like ground substance containing fibers; star-shaped mesenchymal cells

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18
Q

connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar

A

gel-like matrix with all three fivers types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells

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19
Q

connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose

A

matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet

20
Q

connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular

A

network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network

21
Q

CTP: dense connective tissue, dense regular

A

primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblasts

22
Q

CTP: dense connective tissue, dense irregular

A

primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast

23
Q

CTP: dense connective tissue, elastic

A

dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers

24
Q

cartilage: hyaline

A

amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae

25
Q

cartilage: elastic

A

similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix

26
Q

cartilage: fibrocartilage

A

matrix similar to but less than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate

27
Q

bones (osseous tissue)

A

hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocyte lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized

28
Q

blood

A

red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)

29
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • voluntary muscle that is striated in appearance
  • long, cylindrical, multi-nucleated cells; obvious striations
30
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A
  • involuntary muscle found in the heart
  • branching, striated, generally uni-nucleated cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions called intercalated discs
31
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A
  • involuntary visceral muscle that line the walls of hollow organs
  • spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets
32
Q

nervous tissue

A

neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are non excitable supporting cells

33
Q

epidermis

A

superficial region; consists of 5 major layers

34
Q

stratum corneum

A

outermost layer (20-30 cells thick), accounts for bulk of epidermal thickness

35
Q

stratum lucidum

A

very thin clear layer that exists in thick skin and is NOT present in thin skin

36
Q

stratum granulosum

A

thin layer containing granules that provide waterproofing and support

37
Q

stratum spinosum

A

several cell thick, cells in lower layer able to get nutrients and undergo cell division

38
Q

stratum basale

A

innermost layer (single cell layer thick), cells undergo mitotic division

39
Q

dermis

A

connective tissue region consisting of two layers: papillary layer and reticular layer

40
Q

papillary layer

A

superficial layer composed of areolar connective tissue. pain receptors (free nerve endings) and Meissner’s corpuscles (touch receptors found in hairless skin) located here

41
Q

reticular layer

A

deepest skin layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue containing many arteries and veins, sweat and sebaceous glands, and Pacinian corpuscles

42
Q

hypertension

A

flushed skin

43
Q

anemia

44
Q

asphyxiation/lung disease

A

cyanosis - bluish skin

45
Q

liver disease

A

jaundice - yellow skin

46
Q

addison’s disease

A

hypo-secretion from adrenal

A&P 1 (3 decks)

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