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A&P Exam 2 > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the connective tissue framework that is composed of three connective tissue layers

A

Fascia

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2
Q

Name two major components of the skin which is part of the integumentary system

A 
Cutaneous (demos and epidermis)
Accessory structures (hair, nails, glands, nervous, blood cells)
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3
Q

The 5 stratum layers that make up the epidermis

A 
Corneum 
Lucidum 
Granolusum 
Spinosum 
Germanitivum
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4
Q

The fibrous protein that permits stretch and recoil off the skin is

A

Elastin

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5
Q

Name the primary pigments

A

Carotene

Melanin

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6
Q

Two major areas of the dermis

A

Papillary (Superficial)

Reticular (Deep)

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7
Q

Cutaneous vascular plexus and papillary vascular plexus consist of?

A

CVP (East to west)
PVP(North to south)

Network of arteries and veins

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8
Q

Living portion of the hair follicle where cell division occurs

A

Matrix

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9
Q

Name the types of exocrine glands found in the skin

A

Sudoríferos (sweat)
Sebaceous (oil)
Ceremonioso (ear wax)
Mammary (milk)

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10
Q

What does melanocytes do?

A

Found in the basal responsible for producing dark skin pigment

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11
Q

Keratinocytes is a common cell that what?

A

Produces a fibrous protein known as keratin that is a big part of the epidermis thickness

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12
Q

The deposition of calcium salts in tissues other than bone is called

A

Abnormal calcification

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13
Q

Vitamins most important for normal bone maintenance and repair

A

Vitamin A,C,D

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14
Q

The basic units of mature compact bone

A

Osteon

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15
Q

Name the collagen membrane that wraps the bones except in the area of the joint

A

Periosteum

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16
Q

What substances make up 67% of the weight in bones

A

Inorganic calcium

Phosphorus

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17
Q

Mature bones cells are called

A

Osteocytes

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18
Q

Function of the skeletal system

A

Structural support/ protection and framework for the body/bone marrow major for blood production/ red and white blood cell production

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19
Q

What are sutural / Wormian bones

A

Puzzle like, such as a skull

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20
Q

Small seed shaped bones found near tendon or inside joints

A

Sesamoid

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21
Q

Name the type of bone that is hard and dense, that surrounds the marrow cavity, and typically makes up the outer portion of bone

A

Compact bone

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22
Q

Name the part of the long bone that I’d located at the end of long bones and odd an area of secondary osteogenesis?

A

Epiphysis

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23
Q

Flat bone is typically composed of?

A

Compact bone, spongy bone and dipole

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24
Q

True or False

Osteocytes develop into osteoblasts during osteolysis

A

False

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25
Q

An important function performed by osteoclasts where proteolytic enzymes are secreted into the bony matrix; dissolving and removing bony matrix is called

A

Osteolysis

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26
Q

The specific name for the canals composed of capillaries, arterioles and venules that run parallel to the bone surface

A

Haversians

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27
Q

The specific name for the canals composed of capillaries, arterioles and venules that run perpendicular to the bone surface

A

Perforating + volkmans canal

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28
Q

The outer surface of bone covered by connective tissue membrane composed mainly of collagen is the

A

Periosteum

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29
Q

The inner surface of bone lining the marrow cavity and consisting of epithelial cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteoprogenitor cells, that is very active during esteogenisis is the?

A

Endosteum

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30
Q

Osteogenisis is?

A

The process of bone development

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31
Q

The ossification process where bone develops from mesenchymal connective tissue stem cells, beginning in the deep layers of the dermis is called

A

Dermal ossification

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32
Q

The ossification process where bone develops from pre existing hyaline cartilage, and off the most common form of ossification involves?

A

Appositional growth
Endocondral ossification
Epiphyseal plate closure
Interstitial growth

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33
Q

Difference between active and inactive bones

A

More active bones become thicker, less active bones become thinner

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34
Q

The process by where bone is continuously changing and recycling is matrix

A

Remodeling

35
Q

CAM’s that connect channel proteins in a tunnel between cells, common in cardiac muscles are

A

Gap junctions

36
Q

The most abundant CAM’s between cells in the epidermis of the skin responsible for holding skin cells together during sunburn peeling are

A

Desmosomes

37
Q

Also known as interstitial cement

A

Hyaluronic acid

38
Q

Name the membrane that is composed of stratisfied squamous epilitheum and dense irregular connective tissue

A

Cutaneous membrane

39
Q

Matrix and ground substance are part of what tissue?

A

Connective tissue

40
Q

The types of extra cellular protein fibers in connective tissues proper are

A

Collagen, reticular, elastic fibers

41
Q

The name of the area between the basal surface of an epithelial cell and the underlying connective tissue supporting it is called?

A

Basement membrane

42
Q

From fragile to most durable epithelial cell

A 
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple colomnar
Stratified squamous
Stratified cuboidal 
Stratisfied columnar
43
Q

A type of specialized epithelial cell found in the bladder and uterus that have the capability of shortening & recoil

A

Transitional epithelium

44
Q

Which epithelium (cells or tissue) most easily permits diffusion?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

45
Q

3 major types of cartridges

A

Hyaline , fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

46
Q

Functions of serous membrane

A

Lines the organs
Prevents friction between organs
Secrete transudate

47
Q

The repair process necessary to restore normal function in damages tissue involves?

A

Inflammation (histamine)

Regeneration

48
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

Avascular

Apical and basal surface

49
Q

Joint fluid is produced by type of membrane?

A

Synovial membrane

50
Q

Exocrine glandular secretions from

Watery and purest to oily and messy

A

Merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

51
Q

Tissue composed of simple squamous epithelial cells connected to underlying connective tissues that lines the body cavities is called

A

Mesothelium

52
Q

The connective tissue proper cells that are most abundant and are involved in producing the ground substance matrix and extra cellular protein fibers are

A

Fibroblast

53
Q

Body membrane are tissues that composed of what type of cells?

A

Epithelial and connective

54
Q

Scar tissue resulting from the healing processes of inflammation and regeneration of skin tissue involve what specific type of cell types

A

Fibroblast , Mast cells, epithelial cells, white and red blood cells are all involved in the healing process

55
Q

Components of connective tissue

A

Mast cells, matrix and ground substance? Extra cellular fibers

56
Q

True or false

Blood, bone, lymph and cartilage is part of the fibrous connective tissue

A

False

57
Q

Name the major accessory structures of the interment

A 
Hair
Nails
Sweat glands
Oil glands
Neurons 
Blood vessels
Erector pili muscle
58
Q

Deadly form of cancer due to over exposure of UV rays from the sun

A

Malignant melanoma

59
Q

What causes the coloration of the skin due to dermal circulation

A

Erythema (redness, vasodilation)
Palpe (pale, vasoconstriction)
Cyanosis (bluish)

60
Q

What do sensible perspiration do?

A

Reduce of cool temperature

61
Q

The stratum of the nail root, which extends over the exposed nail, is called

A

Eponychium

62
Q

True or false

Blood supply to the dermis increases and sweat glands become more active

A

False

63
Q

Why do older people more likley to get sunburned?

A

Melanocytes activity decreases with age

64
Q

What does the stratum lucidum work with?

A

Thick skin only

65
Q

A common site for hypodermic injections involve injecting material into what fascia layer?

A

Hypodermis

66
Q

The structures and morphology of the epidermis and dermis responsible for producing fingerprints are

A

Dermal papilla

Epidermis ridges

67
Q

What cells found in the basal are responsible for producing dark skin pigment

A

Melanocytes

68
Q

Difference between sensible and non sensible perspiration?

A

Sensible is sweating through glands, insensible is not planned

69
Q

If soaking in they ocean food hours what would happen

A

Severe dehydration due to salt levels

70
Q

What causes skin coloration?

A

Dermal blood supplies: red, paleness and cyanosis
Melanocytes: dark
Carotene of VA: yellow/ orange

71
Q

Structures associated with hair follicles

A 
Matrix
Sebaceous glands
Sebum 
Seborrhea
Oily secretion
Sweat glands
Arector pili
72
Q

What is not associated with hair follicle but secretes sebum directly on top of the skin

A

Sebaceous follicle secretes sebum

73
Q

Dermal cleavage lines, which have importance in the surgical healing of incisions are due to

A

Elastic fibers pattern

74
Q

What changes in the skin are normal due to aging

A

Vitamin D decreases
Immunity decreases
Mitotic activity decreases
Blood flow to the skin decreases

75
Q

The most serious degree burn?

A

3rd degree, epidermis dermis and subcutaneous destroyed

76
Q

What happens if you have rickets

A

Bowed legs due to dietary calcium deficiency

77
Q

The primary reason that osteoporosis accelerated after menopause?

A

Osteoporosis is caused by reduced levels of estrogen post bnb menopause

78
Q

The deposition of calcium salts in tissues other than bones

A

Abnormal calcification

79
Q

Most essential vitamin for normal adult bone maintenance and repair

A

ACD

80
Q

In what part of the flat bones and long bones does hematopoiesis or blood cell production occur?

A

Red marrow

81
Q

Name the living specific type of bone cells which make up only 2% of bone?

A

Osteocytes , osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor

82
Q

True or false

Osteocytes develop to osteoblasts

A

Falso

Osteoblasts develop to osteocytes

83
Q

The CAMs that attach the integral protein of the epidermal basal membrane to the underlying dermal connective tissues are called

A

Hemi-desmosomes

84
Q

The order of destructive process that exposed cells go through

A

Dysplasia (reversible) metaplasia (reversible) anaplasia (irreversible)

A&P Exam 2 (3 decks)

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