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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Give atleast one Minor plate

A

• Philippine Plate
• Indian Plates
• Arabian Plate
• Cocos Plate
• Carribean Plate
• Juan de Fuca Plate
• Naca Plate
• Scotia Plate

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2
Q

the moving piece of crust

A

Plate

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3
Q

it is a driving force for the movement of the continents

A

Thermal Convection

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4
Q

Give 2 evidence of Alfred Wegener that supports the Continental Drift Theory

A

• Fossil Evidence
• Presence of Tillites in areas whose present climates do not suggest Glacial Formation
• Presence of Coal Seams in the Polar regions
• Continuity of rock layers or strata found in different continents
• similarity of rock types in different continents

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5
Q

Prove the existence of Gondwanaland

A

Eduard Suess

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6
Q

refers to the theory where at one point in time all continents were joined together in one large landmass

A

Continental Drift Theory

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7
Q

type of stress that commonly happens on transform plate

A

Shear Stress

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8
Q

stress that pulls material in opposite directions, so that it is pulled apart

A

Tension Stress

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9
Q

these type of stress will not deform the rocks because there is no place for it to move

A

Confining Stress

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10
Q

type of stress caused by colliding of plates

A

Compression Stress

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11
Q

In what period Pangea exist?

A

permian period

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12
Q

give at least two major plates

A

• pacific plate
• eurasian plate
• north american plate
• south american plate
• indo-australian plate
• antarctic plate
• african plate

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13
Q

in this kind of boundary there are two possible landforms that can be formed trench, mountain and volcanoes

A

convergent boundary

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14
Q

this is the compression of rock strata or rock layers

A

folding

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15
Q

this forms cracks or fractures on rocks

A

faulting

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16
Q

this theory is proposed by Harold Hess and Robert Dietz

A

seafloor spreading theory

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17
Q

this in this type of boundary the plates slide pass each other

A

transform boundary

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18
Q

this theory states that if the crust is expanding along the ocean ridges, it must be shrinking somewhere else

A

seafloor spreading theory

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19
Q

in this theory the divergent plate move apart to each other, causing the magma to rise and cooled by seawater and forms the oceanic crust

A

seafloor spreading theory

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20
Q

how do trenches form?

A

through subduction

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21
Q

In what period did laurasia and Gondwanaland existed?

A

triassic period

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22
Q

this is where the oldest findings of human civilization is discovered

A

India

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23
Q

this is the bending, curving, crumpling, or buckling of rocks into folds which is usually visible on rock strata

A

folding

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24
Q

two crustal deformation

A

folding and faulting

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25
Q

this crustal deformation release energy (seismic energy)

A

faulting

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26
Q

the first recognized body of water

A

Tethys Sea

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27
Q

this were formed from volcanic rock that was released from the fissures that is located at the mid ocean ridges, which is an underwater mountain range formed by plate tectonics

A

ocean basins

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28
Q

this were formed initially by the stretching and splitting (rifting) of continental crust and by the rise of the mantle material and magma into the crack to form the new oceanic lithosphere

A

ocean basin

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29
Q

this is the flattest part of the ocean

A

abyssal plain

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30
Q

this is the transition zone of continental shelf and deep ocean floor

A

continental slope

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31
Q

parts of the continental margin

A

• continental shelf
• continental slope
• continental rise

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32
Q

it is an undersea mountain

A

seamount

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33
Q

this destroys the top of a seamount which caused it to be flattened

A

erosion caused by waves

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34
Q

the partly shallow extension of the continent underwater

A

continental shelf

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35
Q

list the ocean basin features

A

• continental shelf
• continental slope
• continental rise
• abyssal plain
• island
• seamount
• trench
• mid-oceanic ridge

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36
Q

it is where the ocean begins. All of the basaltic and oceanic rocks are found here. It is the place where the sediments from land are washed

A

continental rise

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37
Q

the seafloor mountain system which is situated in the middle of the ocean basin

A

mid-oceanic ridge

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38
Q

this is where the upwelling of magma happens which causes the seafloor to spread

A

mid-oceanic ridge

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39
Q

it is not just a piece of land floating up in the middle of the sea, it is part of the ocean basin that extends up from the ocean floor

A

island

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40
Q

the deepest part of the ocean

A

trench

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41
Q

the biggest and the deepest ocean basin in the world

A

pacific ocean basin

42
Q

the second biggest ocean basin on Earth

A

atlantic ocean basin

43
Q

the atlantic ocean basin is named after which famous member of the titans in greek mythology

A

Atlas

44
Q

how many kilometers does the pacific ocean basin covers?

A

155 million square kilometers

45
Q

What do you call to the ridge that lies in between the Indian Ocean Basin?

A

Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge

46
Q

the fourth largest ocean basin in the world

A

Southern Ocean Basin

47
Q

the third largest ocean basin in the world

A

Indian Ocean Basin

48
Q

this is said to be the smallest basin among all of the others but it covers the majority of the Arctic

A

Arctic Ocean Basin

49
Q

this explains the process of the opening (beginning) and the closing (end) of an ocean which is driven by plate tectonics

A

Wilson Cycle

50
Q

the wilson cycle is named after which canadian geophysicist?

A

J. Tuzo Wilson

51
Q

it is the layering that occurs in most sedimentary rocks and in those igneous rocks formed at the earth’s surface

A

stratification

52
Q

list the four laws that explains relative dating

A

• law of superposition
• law of lateral continuity
• law of cross-cutting
• law of original horizontality

53
Q

the two method used in determining the age of stratified rocks

A

relative dating and absolute dating

54
Q

this is the process leading to the formation or deposition of layers, especially of the sedimentary rocks

A

stratification

55
Q

these are results from successive lava flow or from the formation of extrusive igneous rocks

A

layered rocks

56
Q

how can rock layers formed?

A

• through erosion and weathering of mountain and the particles are transported and deposited in the sedimentary basin
• layered rocks are results from successive lava flow or from the formation of extrusive igneous rocks

57
Q

qualitative, descriptive, and less specific way to determine the age of stratified rocks

A

relative dating

58
Q

one of the oldest methods of relative dating

A

stratigraphy

59
Q

this law states that rock layers of the bottom are older than those on top of them

A

law of superposition

60
Q

numerical, quantitative, and more specific way of determining the age of stratified rocks

A

absolute dating

61
Q

basic law of geopronology

A

law of superposition

62
Q

this law is proposed by Danish geological pioneer Nicholas Steno

A

law of original horizontality

63
Q

this law states that layers of sediment were originally the deposited horizontally under the action of gravity

A

law of original horizontality

64
Q

list the stages of ocean basin evolution

A

• embryonic
• juvenile
• mature
• declining
• terminal
• continental collision

65
Q

in what stage of the ocean basin evolution does the rift valleys forms as continent begins to split?

A

embryonic

66
Q

in this stage of ocean basin evolution the last of the seafloor is eliminated and continents collide, forming a continental mountain chain

A

continental collision

67
Q

list the ways fossils form

A

• preservation of original remains
• permineralization
• replacement
• molds and cast

68
Q

this is the mythical creature with a lion’s body and an eagle’s head and wings

A

Grifin

69
Q

clues from fossils

A

environment and climate

70
Q

the most common method of fossilization

A

permineralization

71
Q

mineral rich water, move through sediments and deposits minerals

A

permineralization

72
Q

the three criteria to know if it is a index fossil

A

• it should be recognizable
• it should be geologically widespread
• it lived in a short period of time

73
Q

rarest form of fossilization

A

Preserved Remains

74
Q

in this stage of ocean basin evolution subduction eliminates much seafloor and oceanic ridge

A

declining

75
Q

this determines the exact numerical age of a historical remain

A

absolute dating

76
Q

four techniques used in absolute dating

A

• radiometric dating
• amino acid dating
• dendrochronology
• thermoluminescence

77
Q

this determines the age of the sample by measuring the amount of a particular radioactive isotope present in the sample

A

radiometric dating

78
Q

this technique uses light to observe absolute age

A

thermoluminescence

79
Q

four techniques used in relative dating

A

• stratigraphy
• biostratigraphy
• cross dating
• fluorine dating

80
Q

name the four eons

A

• Hadean eon
• Archaean eon
• Proterozoic eon
• Phanerozoic eon

81
Q

When did the first unicellular life appeared?

A

Pre-Cambrian Time: Archaean eon

82
Q

What does mesozoic era means?

A

middle life

83
Q

When did the first humans appeared?

A

Phanerozoic Eon, Cenozoic Era: Quaternary Period

84
Q

List down ALL of the eras

A

• paleozoic era
• mesozoic era
• cenozoic era

85
Q

what happened in the devonian period?

A

• amphibians started to appear
• more complex land animals
• Late Devonian extinction

86
Q

what happened in the Silurian period?

A

• First fish with jaws appear
• First land organism (insect and plants)

87
Q

List down ALL the period under Mesozoic Era

A

• triassic period
• jurassic period
• cretaceous period

88
Q

When did the first fungi appeared?

A

Phanerozoic Eon: Paleozoic Era: Cambrian period

89
Q

in this period plants and animals evolve to survive dry lands

A

Permian Period

90
Q

In this period mammals became dominant

A

Tertiary Period

91
Q

what is the motion in the terminal stage?

A

convergent (collision and uplift)

92
Q

Odd One Out (state the reason why)

• Pacific Plate
• Indian Plate
• Antarctic Plate
• African Plate
• Eurasian Plate

A

Indian Plate, it is not a major plate

93
Q

Odd One Out (state the reason why)

• Amino Acid Dating
• Radiometric Dating
• Dendrochronology
• Fluorine Dating
• Thermoluminescence

A

Fluorine Dating, it is not a technique use in absolute dating

94
Q

Odd One Out (state the reason why)

• Alfred Wegener
• Eduard Suess
• Harold Hess
• Robert Dietz
• Charles Doolittle Walcott

A

Charles Doolittle Walcott, the other scientists contributed on a theory that states/prove Earth’s movement

95
Q

Odd One Out (state the reason why)

• uranium-238
• uranium235
• thorium-232
• potassium-40
• carbon-12

A

Carbon-12, it is a stable isotope not a radioactive isotope

96
Q

expansion of rock caused by lifting and erosion

A

Exfoliation or Unloading

97
Q

mechanical disintegration splitting or break up of rock by the pressure of water freezing and cracks, crevices, pores, etc.

A

frost wedging

98
Q

water expands when freezes, so when it enters cracks on a rock then freezes, the expansion pushes the cracks further apart

A

Freeze-thaw

99
Q

Odd One Out (state the reason why)

• Hydrolysis
• Oxidation
• Exfoliation
• Dissolution

A

Exfoliation, it is not a process that results in chemical weathering

100
Q

plant roots can wedge into cracks in rocks and produce enough pressure split them

A

plant wedging

Earth Science (2 decks)

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