Lesson Flashcards
Give atleast one Minor plate
• Philippine Plate
• Indian Plates
• Arabian Plate
• Cocos Plate
• Carribean Plate
• Juan de Fuca Plate
• Naca Plate
• Scotia Plate
the moving piece of crust
Plate
it is a driving force for the movement of the continents
Thermal Convection
Give 2 evidence of Alfred Wegener that supports the Continental Drift Theory
• Fossil Evidence
• Presence of Tillites in areas whose present climates do not suggest Glacial Formation
• Presence of Coal Seams in the Polar regions
• Continuity of rock layers or strata found in different continents
• similarity of rock types in different continents
Prove the existence of Gondwanaland
Eduard Suess
refers to the theory where at one point in time all continents were joined together in one large landmass
Continental Drift Theory
type of stress that commonly happens on transform plate
Shear Stress
stress that pulls material in opposite directions, so that it is pulled apart
Tension Stress
these type of stress will not deform the rocks because there is no place for it to move
Confining Stress
type of stress caused by colliding of plates
Compression Stress
In what period Pangea exist?
permian period
give at least two major plates
• pacific plate
• eurasian plate
• north american plate
• south american plate
• indo-australian plate
• antarctic plate
• african plate
in this kind of boundary there are two possible landforms that can be formed trench, mountain and volcanoes
convergent boundary
this is the compression of rock strata or rock layers
folding
this forms cracks or fractures on rocks
faulting
this theory is proposed by Harold Hess and Robert Dietz
seafloor spreading theory
this in this type of boundary the plates slide pass each other
transform boundary
this theory states that if the crust is expanding along the ocean ridges, it must be shrinking somewhere else
seafloor spreading theory
in this theory the divergent plate move apart to each other, causing the magma to rise and cooled by seawater and forms the oceanic crust
seafloor spreading theory
how do trenches form?
through subduction
In what period did laurasia and Gondwanaland existed?
triassic period
this is where the oldest findings of human civilization is discovered
India
this is the bending, curving, crumpling, or buckling of rocks into folds which is usually visible on rock strata
folding
two crustal deformation
folding and faulting
this crustal deformation release energy (seismic energy)
faulting
the first recognized body of water
Tethys Sea
this were formed from volcanic rock that was released from the fissures that is located at the mid ocean ridges, which is an underwater mountain range formed by plate tectonics
ocean basins
this were formed initially by the stretching and splitting (rifting) of continental crust and by the rise of the mantle material and magma into the crack to form the new oceanic lithosphere
ocean basin
this is the flattest part of the ocean
abyssal plain
this is the transition zone of continental shelf and deep ocean floor
continental slope
parts of the continental margin
• continental shelf
• continental slope
• continental rise
it is an undersea mountain
seamount
this destroys the top of a seamount which caused it to be flattened
erosion caused by waves
the partly shallow extension of the continent underwater
continental shelf
list the ocean basin features
• continental shelf
• continental slope
• continental rise
• abyssal plain
• island
• seamount
• trench
• mid-oceanic ridge
it is where the ocean begins. All of the basaltic and oceanic rocks are found here. It is the place where the sediments from land are washed
continental rise
the seafloor mountain system which is situated in the middle of the ocean basin
mid-oceanic ridge
this is where the upwelling of magma happens which causes the seafloor to spread
mid-oceanic ridge
it is not just a piece of land floating up in the middle of the sea, it is part of the ocean basin that extends up from the ocean floor
island
the deepest part of the ocean
trench
the biggest and the deepest ocean basin in the world
pacific ocean basin
the second biggest ocean basin on Earth
atlantic ocean basin
the atlantic ocean basin is named after which famous member of the titans in greek mythology
Atlas
how many kilometers does the pacific ocean basin covers?
155 million square kilometers
What do you call to the ridge that lies in between the Indian Ocean Basin?
Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge
the fourth largest ocean basin in the world
Southern Ocean Basin
the third largest ocean basin in the world
Indian Ocean Basin
this is said to be the smallest basin among all of the others but it covers the majority of the Arctic
Arctic Ocean Basin
this explains the process of the opening (beginning) and the closing (end) of an ocean which is driven by plate tectonics
Wilson Cycle
the wilson cycle is named after which canadian geophysicist?
J. Tuzo Wilson
it is the layering that occurs in most sedimentary rocks and in those igneous rocks formed at the earth’s surface
stratification
list the four laws that explains relative dating
• law of superposition
• law of lateral continuity
• law of cross-cutting
• law of original horizontality
the two method used in determining the age of stratified rocks
relative dating and absolute dating
this is the process leading to the formation or deposition of layers, especially of the sedimentary rocks
stratification
these are results from successive lava flow or from the formation of extrusive igneous rocks
layered rocks
how can rock layers formed?
• through erosion and weathering of mountain and the particles are transported and deposited in the sedimentary basin
• layered rocks are results from successive lava flow or from the formation of extrusive igneous rocks
qualitative, descriptive, and less specific way to determine the age of stratified rocks
relative dating
one of the oldest methods of relative dating
stratigraphy
this law states that rock layers of the bottom are older than those on top of them
law of superposition
numerical, quantitative, and more specific way of determining the age of stratified rocks
absolute dating
basic law of geopronology
law of superposition
this law is proposed by Danish geological pioneer Nicholas Steno
law of original horizontality
this law states that layers of sediment were originally the deposited horizontally under the action of gravity
law of original horizontality
list the stages of ocean basin evolution
• embryonic
• juvenile
• mature
• declining
• terminal
• continental collision
in what stage of the ocean basin evolution does the rift valleys forms as continent begins to split?
embryonic
in this stage of ocean basin evolution the last of the seafloor is eliminated and continents collide, forming a continental mountain chain
continental collision
list the ways fossils form
• preservation of original remains
• permineralization
• replacement
• molds and cast
this is the mythical creature with a lion’s body and an eagle’s head and wings
Grifin
clues from fossils
environment and climate
the most common method of fossilization
permineralization
mineral rich water, move through sediments and deposits minerals
permineralization
the three criteria to know if it is a index fossil
• it should be recognizable
• it should be geologically widespread
• it lived in a short period of time
rarest form of fossilization
Preserved Remains
in this stage of ocean basin evolution subduction eliminates much seafloor and oceanic ridge
declining
this determines the exact numerical age of a historical remain
absolute dating
four techniques used in absolute dating
• radiometric dating
• amino acid dating
• dendrochronology
• thermoluminescence
this determines the age of the sample by measuring the amount of a particular radioactive isotope present in the sample
radiometric dating
this technique uses light to observe absolute age
thermoluminescence
four techniques used in relative dating
• stratigraphy
• biostratigraphy
• cross dating
• fluorine dating
name the four eons
• Hadean eon
• Archaean eon
• Proterozoic eon
• Phanerozoic eon
When did the first unicellular life appeared?
Pre-Cambrian Time: Archaean eon
What does mesozoic era means?
middle life
When did the first humans appeared?
Phanerozoic Eon, Cenozoic Era: Quaternary Period
List down ALL of the eras
• paleozoic era
• mesozoic era
• cenozoic era
what happened in the devonian period?
• amphibians started to appear
• more complex land animals
• Late Devonian extinction
what happened in the Silurian period?
• First fish with jaws appear
• First land organism (insect and plants)
List down ALL the period under Mesozoic Era
• triassic period
• jurassic period
• cretaceous period
When did the first fungi appeared?
Phanerozoic Eon: Paleozoic Era: Cambrian period
in this period plants and animals evolve to survive dry lands
Permian Period
In this period mammals became dominant
Tertiary Period
what is the motion in the terminal stage?
convergent (collision and uplift)
Odd One Out (state the reason why)
• Pacific Plate
• Indian Plate
• Antarctic Plate
• African Plate
• Eurasian Plate
Indian Plate, it is not a major plate
Odd One Out (state the reason why)
• Amino Acid Dating
• Radiometric Dating
• Dendrochronology
• Fluorine Dating
• Thermoluminescence
Fluorine Dating, it is not a technique use in absolute dating
Odd One Out (state the reason why)
• Alfred Wegener
• Eduard Suess
• Harold Hess
• Robert Dietz
• Charles Doolittle Walcott
Charles Doolittle Walcott, the other scientists contributed on a theory that states/prove Earth’s movement
Odd One Out (state the reason why)
• uranium-238
• uranium235
• thorium-232
• potassium-40
• carbon-12
Carbon-12, it is a stable isotope not a radioactive isotope
expansion of rock caused by lifting and erosion
Exfoliation or Unloading
mechanical disintegration splitting or break up of rock by the pressure of water freezing and cracks, crevices, pores, etc.
frost wedging
water expands when freezes, so when it enters cracks on a rock then freezes, the expansion pushes the cracks further apart
Freeze-thaw
Odd One Out (state the reason why)
• Hydrolysis
• Oxidation
• Exfoliation
• Dissolution
Exfoliation, it is not a process that results in chemical weathering
plant roots can wedge into cracks in rocks and produce enough pressure split them
plant wedging
