Lesson Flashcards
Natural forces that influence the shape and structure of the planet
Geologic Processes
2 categories of Geologic Process
Exogenous and Endogenous
this geologic process occur on or near the surface of the earth
Exogenous Process
this are natural occurrences that leave significant changes on landscape
Exogenous Process
Enumerate atleast 2 exogenous process
Weathering; Mass Wasting; Erosion; Sedimentation
this is the breaking down of rocks through contact with Earth’s atmosphere, water, and biological organisms
Weathering
Enumerate the effects of weathering
- loss of atom and molecules from weathered surfaces
- addition of specific atoms to the weathered surface
- breakdown of one mass into two or more masses
Enumerate the types of weathering
physical weathering; chemical weathering; biological weathering
the breakdown of rocks by mechanical forces concentrated along rock features
Physical Weathering
this type of weathering occurs in high temperature
chemical weathering
the breakdown of rock caused by its reaction to water
hydrolysis
when acidic water produce clay and soluble salts
hydrolysis
soluble materials in rock are dissolved by water
dissolution
this weathering happens when rocks are worn out away by living organisms
biological weathering
this is the repeated cooling and heating
Thermal expansion
2 main reason why the interior of the Earth is very hot
Primordial Heat and Radiogenic Heat
the internal heat energy accumulated by dissipation
primordial heat
this heat is the result of spontaneous nuclear disintegration
Radiogenic heat
this refers to the heat energy that existed in the early universe
primordial heat
this process is caused by force from within the interior of the Earth
endogenous processes
is process is responsible for earthquake, development of continents, mountain building, and volcanic activities
endogenous processes
this is the formation of magma
magmatism
these are molten rock materials
magma
this is the eruption of molten rock from inside the earth to the surface
volcanism
this is the process of changing the materials that make up a rock
metamorphism
in some cases this process can wipe out majority of the organisms inhabiting a region
exogenous processes
different process that results in chemical weathering
hydrolysis; dissolution; oxidation
this heat energy is thought to have been created by the high energy particles and radiation that was present in the early universe and is thought to have played a significant role in the formation of the first stars and galaxies
primordial heat
what are the main contributions to the primordial heat?
accretional energy and differentiation energy
this energy is deposited by infalling planetesimals
accretional energy
this is an endogenic process which occurs when there is pressure and heat applied to geologic structures which leads to the formation of rocks
metamorphism
types of endogenous process
volcanism; metamorphism; magmatism; faulting; folding
this endogenic process happens when magma is generated and develops into igneous rocks
magmatism
this endogenic process occurs because of earth’s internal heat and is associated with tectonic processes and the part of the rock cycle
volcanism
types of metamorphism
contact metamorphism and regional metamorphism
is the displacement of rocks and the tensional forces are created
faulting
are fissures that starts appearing when tensional forces are applied in opposite direction to displace
faults
this is the turns and bends form in the rocks due to compressional forces
folding
is a type of metamorphism where rock minerals and textures are changed, mainly by heat, due to contact with magma
contact metamorphism
type of metamorphism where rock minerals and textures are changed by heat and pressure over a wide area or region
regional metamorphism
this produces volcanoes in the middle of a plate where magma rises upward until it erupts on the seafloor
hotspot
what do you call when a magma reaches the surface of the earth?
lava
this process usually happens when magma form
volcanism
what is the first source of heat?
through the accretion of the planet
main source of heat
radiogenic heat
the most easily observed kind of chemical weathering
dissolution
another kind of chemical weathering that occurs when oxygen combines with other substance and creates compounds called oxides
oxidation
this kind of chemical weathering involves the reaction between mineral ions and ions of water
hydrolysis
this type of weathering occurs when rocks are broken down by chemical change
chemical weathering
give at least one radioactive isotopes that is responsible for the majority of radiogenic heat
• uranium-238 (238U)
• uranium-235 (235U)
• thorium-232 (232Th)
• potassium-40 (40K)
this stress occurs when forces act parallel to each other but in opposite directions
shear stress
it is the force applied to the rock
Stress or Geologic Stress
list the four types of geologic stress
• confining stress
• compression stress
• tension stress
• shear stress
in the stage of ocean basin evolution the broad ocean basin widens, trenches develop and subduction begins
mature stage
in this stage of ocean basin evolution ocean basin narrows, possibly shallowing because of sediment input; young mountain ranges along flanks
Terminal
What happened in the Hadean Eon?
• birth of Earth
• formation of atmosphere and oceans
• earth was too hot
What happened in the Cretaceous Period?
• birds and mammals continue to develop
• cretaceous-tertiary extinction
What happened in the Ordovician Period?
• more diverse marine organisms
• first jawless fish (first vertebrate)
• Ordovician-Silurian extinction
What does Paleozoic Era means?
Time of Ancient Life
this law states that layers of rocks are continuous until they encounter other solid bodies that block their deposition or until they are acted upon by agents that appear after the position takes place such as erosion and fault
law of lateral continuity
is the extended version of the stratigraphy
biostratigraphy
this is the less advanced technique used in determining rock age
relative dating
these fossils existed in a short period of time
index fossils
What is the ancient term for three sap?
Amber
this fossils lived for a long period of time until today
living fossils
original bone or shell dissolved and leaves behind space and the shape of the shell or bone
Molds and cast
What do you call to the space in the shape of the shell or bone?
mold
the two period under tertiary period
paleogene period and neogene period
name the three epoch under paleogene period
• Paleocene Epoch
• Eocene Epoch
• Oligocene Epoch
What does Cenozoic Era means?
Recent Life
In what eon did the first multicellular organism appeared?
proterozoic eon
list all the period in the geologic time scale
• cambrian period
• Ordovician period
• Silurian Period
• Devonian Period
• Carboniferous Period
• Permian Period
• Triassic Period
• Jurassic Period
• Cretaceous Period
• Tertiary Period
• Quaternary Period
In which EPOCH do we belong?
Holocene Epoch
What happened in the Triassic Period?
• reptiles become dominant
• the first mammals appear
• Pangea started to drift
When did pangea formed?
Phanerozoic Eon: Paleozoic Era: Permian Period
What happened in the Proterozoic eon?
• first multicellular organism appeared
• Ediacaran life forms or soft-bodied animals appear
enumerate the four time scales
• era
• eon
• period
• epoch
What happened in the Tertiary Period?
• First large mammals appeared
• mammals dominance
• Hominids started to appear
What happened in the Cambrian Period?
• Cambrian Explosion
• first fungi appeared
• trilobites are dominant
• Cambrian extinction
What happened in the Quaternary Period?
• Ice Age began
• first humans appeared
• stable condition for human civilization
What happened in the Carboniferous Period?
• forest with massive plants occupied Earth
• emergence of cartilaginous fishes
• first reptile evolved
What happened in the Archaean Eon?
• first unicellular life appeared
• cyanobacteria capable of photosynthesis appeared
What happened in the Permian Period?
• Pangea formed
• plants and animals evolved to survive dry lands
• Permian-Triassic extinction
What happened in the Jurassic Period?
• Dinosaurs become dominant
• birds start to appear
• plants produced flowers
• Pangea drifted into two
When did the first jawless fish existed?
Phanerozoic Eon: Paleozoic Era: Ordovician Period
When did amphibians started to appear?
Phanerozoic Eon: Paleozoic Era: Devonian Period
When did birds appeared?
Phanerozoic Eon: Mesozoic Era: Jurassic Period
When did the first fish with jaws appeared?
Phanerozoic Eon: Paleozoic Era: Silurian Period
When did the first reptile evolved?
Phanerozoic Eon: Paleozoic Era: Carboniferous Period
When did the first mammals appeared?
Phanerozoic Eon: Mesozoic Era: Triassic Period
When did mammals become dominant?
Phanerozoic Eon: Cenozoic Era: Tertiary Period
When did the human civilization’s condition become stable?
During Quaternary Period
a particular form of living being may have a defined protein content in their bodies that deteriorates with time
amino acid dating
it determines the period during which certain object was last subjected to heat
thermoluminescence
what do you call when atoms of some chemical element have different forms?
isotopes
these are favorable traits that organisms inherit
Adaptations
this are the changes in population over time
Evolution
he discovered the organism preserved in the fossils that had a soft body like a worm five eyes and a long nose like a vacuum cleaner hose
Charles Doolittle Walcott
it is a system of chronological dating that relates geological strata to time
geologic time scale
it has the largest intervals of geologic time
eon
what do you call to the time between earth’s formation and the beginning of the paleozoic era?
precambrian time
it is also known as the “time of hidden life”
Precambrian Time
it is used by geologist paleontologist and other earth scientists to describe the time in relationship of events that have occurred during Earth’s history
geologic time scale
it is the period of visible life where rapid expansion and evolution of life for support and fill the various ecological niches available on Earth
phanerozoic eon
it is the period where life first form on Earth, archaea and bacteria
Archaean Eon
it is the subdivision of eons
era
it is the period just before the proliferation of complex life on Earth
proterozoic eon
name the three eras
paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic
this is also referred as “systems”, are the subdivisions of eras and typically last 10 of millions of years
periods
this era is known as the age of reptiles
mesozoic era
what is the current epoch?
Holocene Epoch
it is referred to as “series”, are the subdivisions of period, they stand to be a several million years in length
Epochs
this era is mostly known as the “age of mammals” because mammals replace the reptiles as the dominant land animal
Cenozoic Era
the “age of flowering plants”
Cenozoic Era
give an example of a ocean basin in the embryonic stage
• East African Rift Valleys
• Great Rift Valleys
Odd One Out (state the reason why)
• Ordovician Period
• Tertiary Period
• Permian Period
• Devonian Period
Tertiary Period, it is the only period under Cenozoic Era
Odd One Out (state the reason why)
• Trench
• Island
• Mid-oceanic Ridge
• Seamount
• Boundary
Boundary, it is not part of the ocean basin features
Odd One Out (state the reason why)
• Adaman Sea
• Ross Sea
• Bellingshausen Sea
• Wendell Sea
• Amundsen Sea
Adaman Sea, it is not a part or coverage of the Southern Ocaen Basin
what is the motion in the juvenile stage?
divergence (spreading)
give an example of an ocean basin in the declining stage
Pacific Ocean
