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1
Q

Natural forces that influence the shape and structure of the planet

A

Geologic Processes

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2
Q

2 categories of Geologic Process

A

Exogenous and Endogenous

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3
Q

this geologic process occur on or near the surface of the earth

A

Exogenous Process

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4
Q

this are natural occurrences that leave significant changes on landscape

A

Exogenous Process

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5
Q

Enumerate atleast 2 exogenous process

A

Weathering; Mass Wasting; Erosion; Sedimentation

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6
Q

this is the breaking down of rocks through contact with Earth’s atmosphere, water, and biological organisms

A

Weathering

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7
Q

Enumerate the effects of weathering

A
  • loss of atom and molecules from weathered surfaces
  • addition of specific atoms to the weathered surface
  • breakdown of one mass into two or more masses
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8
Q

Enumerate the types of weathering

A

physical weathering; chemical weathering; biological weathering

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9
Q

the breakdown of rocks by mechanical forces concentrated along rock features

A

Physical Weathering

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10
Q

this type of weathering occurs in high temperature

A

chemical weathering

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11
Q

the breakdown of rock caused by its reaction to water

A

hydrolysis

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12
Q

when acidic water produce clay and soluble salts

A

hydrolysis

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13
Q

soluble materials in rock are dissolved by water

A

dissolution

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14
Q

this weathering happens when rocks are worn out away by living organisms

A

biological weathering

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15
Q

this is the repeated cooling and heating

A

Thermal expansion

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16
Q

2 main reason why the interior of the Earth is very hot

A

Primordial Heat and Radiogenic Heat

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17
Q

the internal heat energy accumulated by dissipation

A

primordial heat

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18
Q

this heat is the result of spontaneous nuclear disintegration

A

Radiogenic heat

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19
Q

this refers to the heat energy that existed in the early universe

A

primordial heat

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20
Q

this process is caused by force from within the interior of the Earth

A

endogenous processes

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21
Q

is process is responsible for earthquake, development of continents, mountain building, and volcanic activities

A

endogenous processes

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22
Q

this is the formation of magma

A

magmatism

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23
Q

these are molten rock materials

A

magma

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24
Q

this is the eruption of molten rock from inside the earth to the surface

A

volcanism

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25
Q

this is the process of changing the materials that make up a rock

A

metamorphism

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26
Q

in some cases this process can wipe out majority of the organisms inhabiting a region

A

exogenous processes

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27
Q

different process that results in chemical weathering

A

hydrolysis; dissolution; oxidation

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28
Q

this heat energy is thought to have been created by the high energy particles and radiation that was present in the early universe and is thought to have played a significant role in the formation of the first stars and galaxies

A

primordial heat

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29
Q

what are the main contributions to the primordial heat?

A

accretional energy and differentiation energy

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30
Q

this energy is deposited by infalling planetesimals

A

accretional energy

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31
Q

this is an endogenic process which occurs when there is pressure and heat applied to geologic structures which leads to the formation of rocks

A

metamorphism

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32
Q

types of endogenous process

A

volcanism; metamorphism; magmatism; faulting; folding

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33
Q

this endogenic process happens when magma is generated and develops into igneous rocks

A

magmatism

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34
Q

this endogenic process occurs because of earth’s internal heat and is associated with tectonic processes and the part of the rock cycle

A

volcanism

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35
Q

types of metamorphism

A

contact metamorphism and regional metamorphism

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36
Q

is the displacement of rocks and the tensional forces are created

A

faulting

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37
Q

are fissures that starts appearing when tensional forces are applied in opposite direction to displace

A

faults

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38
Q

this is the turns and bends form in the rocks due to compressional forces

A

folding

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39
Q

is a type of metamorphism where rock minerals and textures are changed, mainly by heat, due to contact with magma

A

contact metamorphism

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40
Q

type of metamorphism where rock minerals and textures are changed by heat and pressure over a wide area or region

A

regional metamorphism

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41
Q

this produces volcanoes in the middle of a plate where magma rises upward until it erupts on the seafloor

A

hotspot

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42
Q

what do you call when a magma reaches the surface of the earth?

A

lava

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43
Q

this process usually happens when magma form

A

volcanism

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44
Q

what is the first source of heat?

A

through the accretion of the planet

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45
Q

main source of heat

A

radiogenic heat

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46
Q

the most easily observed kind of chemical weathering

A

dissolution

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47
Q

another kind of chemical weathering that occurs when oxygen combines with other substance and creates compounds called oxides

A

oxidation

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48
Q

this kind of chemical weathering involves the reaction between mineral ions and ions of water

A

hydrolysis

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49
Q

this type of weathering occurs when rocks are broken down by chemical change

A

chemical weathering

50
Q

give at least one radioactive isotopes that is responsible for the majority of radiogenic heat

A

• uranium-238 (238U)
• uranium-235 (235U)
• thorium-232 (232Th)
• potassium-40 (40K)

51
Q

this stress occurs when forces act parallel to each other but in opposite directions

A

shear stress

52
Q

it is the force applied to the rock

A

Stress or Geologic Stress

53
Q

list the four types of geologic stress

A

• confining stress
• compression stress
• tension stress
• shear stress

54
Q

in the stage of ocean basin evolution the broad ocean basin widens, trenches develop and subduction begins

A

mature stage

55
Q

in this stage of ocean basin evolution ocean basin narrows, possibly shallowing because of sediment input; young mountain ranges along flanks

A

Terminal

56
Q

What happened in the Hadean Eon?

A

• birth of Earth
• formation of atmosphere and oceans
• earth was too hot

57
Q

What happened in the Cretaceous Period?

A

• birds and mammals continue to develop
• cretaceous-tertiary extinction

58
Q

What happened in the Ordovician Period?

A

• more diverse marine organisms
• first jawless fish (first vertebrate)
• Ordovician-Silurian extinction

59
Q

What does Paleozoic Era means?

A

Time of Ancient Life

60
Q

this law states that layers of rocks are continuous until they encounter other solid bodies that block their deposition or until they are acted upon by agents that appear after the position takes place such as erosion and fault

A

law of lateral continuity

61
Q

is the extended version of the stratigraphy

A

biostratigraphy

62
Q

this is the less advanced technique used in determining rock age

A

relative dating

63
Q

these fossils existed in a short period of time

A

index fossils

64
Q

What is the ancient term for three sap?

A

Amber

65
Q

this fossils lived for a long period of time until today

A

living fossils

66
Q

original bone or shell dissolved and leaves behind space and the shape of the shell or bone

A

Molds and cast

67
Q

What do you call to the space in the shape of the shell or bone?

A

mold

68
Q

the two period under tertiary period

A

paleogene period and neogene period

69
Q

name the three epoch under paleogene period

A

• Paleocene Epoch
• Eocene Epoch
• Oligocene Epoch

70
Q

What does Cenozoic Era means?

A

Recent Life

71
Q

In what eon did the first multicellular organism appeared?

A

proterozoic eon

72
Q

list all the period in the geologic time scale

A

• cambrian period
• Ordovician period
• Silurian Period
• Devonian Period
• Carboniferous Period
• Permian Period
• Triassic Period
• Jurassic Period
• Cretaceous Period
• Tertiary Period
• Quaternary Period

73
Q

In which EPOCH do we belong?

A

Holocene Epoch

74
Q

What happened in the Triassic Period?

A

• reptiles become dominant
• the first mammals appear
• Pangea started to drift

75
Q

When did pangea formed?

A

Phanerozoic Eon: Paleozoic Era: Permian Period

76
Q

What happened in the Proterozoic eon?

A

• first multicellular organism appeared
• Ediacaran life forms or soft-bodied animals appear

77
Q

enumerate the four time scales

A

• era
• eon
• period
• epoch

78
Q

What happened in the Tertiary Period?

A

• First large mammals appeared
• mammals dominance
• Hominids started to appear

79
Q

What happened in the Cambrian Period?

A

• Cambrian Explosion
• first fungi appeared
• trilobites are dominant
• Cambrian extinction

80
Q

What happened in the Quaternary Period?

A

• Ice Age began
• first humans appeared
• stable condition for human civilization

81
Q

What happened in the Carboniferous Period?

A

• forest with massive plants occupied Earth
• emergence of cartilaginous fishes
• first reptile evolved

82
Q

What happened in the Archaean Eon?

A

• first unicellular life appeared
• cyanobacteria capable of photosynthesis appeared

83
Q

What happened in the Permian Period?

A

• Pangea formed
• plants and animals evolved to survive dry lands
• Permian-Triassic extinction

84
Q

What happened in the Jurassic Period?

A

• Dinosaurs become dominant
• birds start to appear
• plants produced flowers
• Pangea drifted into two

85
Q

When did the first jawless fish existed?

A

Phanerozoic Eon: Paleozoic Era: Ordovician Period

86
Q

When did amphibians started to appear?

A

Phanerozoic Eon: Paleozoic Era: Devonian Period

87
Q

When did birds appeared?

A

Phanerozoic Eon: Mesozoic Era: Jurassic Period

88
Q

When did the first fish with jaws appeared?

A

Phanerozoic Eon: Paleozoic Era: Silurian Period

89
Q

When did the first reptile evolved?

A

Phanerozoic Eon: Paleozoic Era: Carboniferous Period

90
Q

When did the first mammals appeared?

A

Phanerozoic Eon: Mesozoic Era: Triassic Period

91
Q

When did mammals become dominant?

A

Phanerozoic Eon: Cenozoic Era: Tertiary Period

92
Q

When did the human civilization’s condition become stable?

A

During Quaternary Period

93
Q

a particular form of living being may have a defined protein content in their bodies that deteriorates with time

A

amino acid dating

94
Q

it determines the period during which certain object was last subjected to heat

A

thermoluminescence

95
Q

what do you call when atoms of some chemical element have different forms?

A

isotopes

96
Q

these are favorable traits that organisms inherit

A

Adaptations

97
Q

this are the changes in population over time

A

Evolution

98
Q

he discovered the organism preserved in the fossils that had a soft body like a worm five eyes and a long nose like a vacuum cleaner hose

A

Charles Doolittle Walcott

99
Q

it is a system of chronological dating that relates geological strata to time

A

geologic time scale

100
Q

it has the largest intervals of geologic time

A

eon

101
Q

what do you call to the time between earth’s formation and the beginning of the paleozoic era?

A

precambrian time

102
Q

it is also known as the “time of hidden life”

A

Precambrian Time

103
Q

it is used by geologist paleontologist and other earth scientists to describe the time in relationship of events that have occurred during Earth’s history

A

geologic time scale

104
Q

it is the period of visible life where rapid expansion and evolution of life for support and fill the various ecological niches available on Earth

A

phanerozoic eon

105
Q

it is the period where life first form on Earth, archaea and bacteria

A

Archaean Eon

106
Q

it is the subdivision of eons

A

era

107
Q

it is the period just before the proliferation of complex life on Earth

A

proterozoic eon

108
Q

name the three eras

A

paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic

109
Q

this is also referred as “systems”, are the subdivisions of eras and typically last 10 of millions of years

A

periods

110
Q

this era is known as the age of reptiles

A

mesozoic era

111
Q

what is the current epoch?

A

Holocene Epoch

112
Q

it is referred to as “series”, are the subdivisions of period, they stand to be a several million years in length

A

Epochs

113
Q

this era is mostly known as the “age of mammals” because mammals replace the reptiles as the dominant land animal

A

Cenozoic Era

114
Q

the “age of flowering plants”

A

Cenozoic Era

115
Q

give an example of a ocean basin in the embryonic stage

A

• East African Rift Valleys
• Great Rift Valleys

116
Q

Odd One Out (state the reason why)

• Ordovician Period
• Tertiary Period
• Permian Period
• Devonian Period

A

Tertiary Period, it is the only period under Cenozoic Era

117
Q

Odd One Out (state the reason why)

• Trench
• Island
• Mid-oceanic Ridge
• Seamount
• Boundary

A

Boundary, it is not part of the ocean basin features

118
Q

Odd One Out (state the reason why)

• Adaman Sea
• Ross Sea
• Bellingshausen Sea
• Wendell Sea
• Amundsen Sea

A

Adaman Sea, it is not a part or coverage of the Southern Ocaen Basin

119
Q

what is the motion in the juvenile stage?

A

divergence (spreading)

120
Q

give an example of an ocean basin in the declining stage

A

Pacific Ocean

Earth Science (2 decks)

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