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NSCI finals > lesson 13 > Flashcards

lesson 13 Flashcards

1
Q

id: a complex mixture of weathered mineral materials from rocks, partially
decomposed organic molecules and a host of living organisms

A

soil

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2
Q

ToF: soil can be considered an ecosystem itself

A

true

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3
Q

how long does it take for a few centimetres of fertile top soil?

A

about two hundred to a thousand years

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4
Q

enum: (4)
stages of soil formation

A

1) Bedrock begins to disintegrate

2) The rock breaks down into parent material, which in turn breaks into smaller mineral particles

3) organisms add organic material to facilitate the disintegration process - layers called horizons form

4) The soil will eventually reach a point where it can support a thick cover of vegetation and cycle its resources effectively

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5
Q

enum: (5) factors involved in soil formation

A

1) parent material
2) climate
3) topography
4) biological
5) time

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6
Q

enum: (6) important roles of soil

A
  • Serving as a foundation
  • Emitting and absorbing gases
  • Providing habitat
  • Interacting with water
  • Recycling nutrients
  • Supporting human settlements
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7
Q

enum: (5) characters of soil

A

soil profile
soil texture
soil color
soil consistency
acidity

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8
Q

id: a vertical cross-section of layers of soil found in a given area

A

soil profile

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9
Q

id: layers in a soil profile

A

horizon

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10
Q

id: (horizon)
topmost layer; made up of organic materials and other newly
decomposing surface litter; usually present in areas with many trees and plants

A

O horizon

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11
Q

id: (horizon)
also known as top soil. Since it receives the nutrients from
decaying litter of O horizon, it is usually made up of humus which makes it fertile.
With the help of plant roots water is absorbed by humus thus preventing flood

A

A horizon

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12
Q

id: (horizon)
materials from A and O horizons accumulate here. Thus it is rich in clay, organic matter and other mineral components. It is lighter in
color with reddish brown shades

A

B horizon (subsoil layer)

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13
Q

id: (horizon)
usually made up of massive bedrock of the original parent material and it does not undergo much change

A

C horizon

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14
Q

id: (horizon)
at depths of 48+ feet, deepest soil horizon in the soil profile, no rocks or boulders, only a continuous mass of bedrock, colors are those of the original rock of the area

A

R horizon (bedrock)

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15
Q

id: pertains to how much sand, clay or silt is present in the soil

A

soil texture

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16
Q

id: (soil)
particles measure up to 2 mm

A

sand

17
Q

id: (soil)
particles are smaller than .002 mm

A

clay

18
Q

id: (soil)
particles measure between 0.05 to 0.002 mm

A

silt

19
Q

id: a component of soil that makes it fertile

A

humus

20
Q

id: the kind of elements and minerals which are present in the soil gives
its characteristic _________. Light colored are usually deplete of organic material, reddish brown is rich in iron and with more white colouring usually contains calcium carbonate

A

soil color

21
Q

Light colored soil are usually (deplete, rich) of organic material, reddish brown is (deplete, rich) in iron and with more white colouring usually contains _______________-

A

deplete; rich; calcium carbonate

22
Q

id: the ease or difficulty of breaking the soil apart

A

soil consistency

23
Q

id: affected by the chemical nature of parent rock material, the kind of water it absorbs and the natural and man – made processes which happen in the soil as well as on it

A

soil acidity

24
Q

how did Prof. Ernesto Serote who was an author of Property, Patrimony and Territory, Foundations of Land Use in Philippines define land

A

a natural resource, an economic good, a property and a territory

25
Q

id: (soil - Prof. Serote)
has ecological functions [habitat for species, medium for growing plants and trees, source of minerals and nutrients

A

natural resource

26
Q

id: (soil - Prof. Serote)
a product that could be sold

A

economic good

27
Q

id: (soil - Prof. Serote)
deals with ownership which is also related to land being an economic good

A

property

28
Q

id: (soil - Prof. Serote)
power which the government has over its country, power of ownership extends to all the areas within the boundary of the country; includes land and bodies of water air space as well as the soil, water and
other components below the surface. It is more than a property of the country because as a __________ it also includes the people with in it.

A

territory

29
Q

id: temporary or permanent decline in the
productive capacity of the land and the diminution of the productive potential, including its major land uses [e.g. rain fed,
arable, irrigation, forests], its farming systems [small holder subsistence] and its value as an economic resource

A

land degradation

30
Q

enum: (6) Anthropogenic Causes of Land Degradation

A

1) Shifting cultivation or kaingin system
- clearing large areas of the forest by burning to plant their crops, without replanting the used land with forest trees once the soil losses its fertility

2) Timber harvesting or logging
- cutting forest trees mainly for timber

3) Construction projects
- Construction of roads, dams, reservoirs, irrigation and drainage projects

4) Mining
- dig out and loosen rocks in the mountains exposing them to further erosion

5) Overgrazing and burning of grassland
- conversion of natural ecosystems to pasture land

6) Use of agro chemicals
- use of Pesticides and other chemicals on crop plants

31
Q

id: the result when there is concentration of salt ions builds up in the soil.

A

salinization

32
Q

To remove the excess salts from surface and allow these to be absorbed into the
soil, farmers usually (decrease, increase) the amount of water for irrigation.

A

increase

33
Q

enum: (5) Effects of Land Degradation

A

1) Pollution and clogging of waterways
- eroded soil with chemical fertilizers and
pesticides are discharged into waterways and streams

2) Increased flooding
- removal of soil composition plays a role in water retention and absorption

3) Loss of arable land
- land wont be ploughable

4) Drought and aridity
- highly influenced and amplified by soil degradation

5) Soil quality reduction
- soil quality decline

34
Q

enum: (7) Conservation techniques in land cultivation

A

1) strip farming:
2) crop rotation:
3) ridge and furrow soil formation:
4) construction of dams
5) contour farming:
6) Leaving the previous year’s crop residue on the surface to shield the soil from
erosion.
7) Avoiding poor tillage methods such as deep plowing.

35
Q

id: techniques and mechanisms targeted at making very minimal changes to the
soil’s natural condition and at the same time improving the soil’s productivity

A

conservation tillage

NSCI finals (6 decks)

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