lesson 12

Question 1

id: the time during which humans have had a substantial impact on our planet

Answer 1

anthropocene

Question 2

id: the undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of an ecosystem that injures or kills living organisms and makes part of the ecosystem unfit for the use we want to make of it

Answer 2

pollution

Question 3

id: a condition in which the quality of air is degraded due to the presence of harmful substances, particulate matter and biological agents

Answer 3

air pollution

Question 4

id: source of pollution
readily identified and stationary such as factory smokestack

Answer 4

point sources

Question 5

id: source of pollution
not easily identified as they diffused and may not be constantly emitting
pollutant

Answer 5

non-point sources

Question 6

enum: (4)
factors that determine the degree and extent of air pollution in an area

Answer 6

pollution
rate of emission
wind
topography or location

Question 7

what is the law that identifies and regulates air pollutants in the Philippines

Answer 7

Republic Act 8749: Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

Question 8

define primary and secondary pollutants according to Republic Act 8749: Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

Answer 8

Primary pollutants: released in harmful forms
Secondary pollutants: become hazardous
after reactions on the air

Question 9

id; primary source of air pollutants

Answer 9

burning fossil fuels

Question 10

enum: (6)
outdoor air pollutants

Answer 10

SO2: colorless corrosive gas that damages both plants and animals
- SO2 becomes SO3 + water vapour (that turn to droplets) in the form of H2SO4 - a major component of acid rain

NO3: highly reactive gases formed when combustion between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen
- NO becomes NO2 + water = HNO3 - major component of acid rain

Particulate material (dust, ash, soot, lint, smoke pollen, spores, aerosols): reduce
visibility and leave dirty deposits on windows etc.
- damage lung tissues

Volatile Organic Compounds (benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, vinyl chloride, phenols, chloroform and trichloroethylene): incompletely burned fuels from vehicles and others

Lead and other Toxic Elements ( toxic metals like Pb. Hg, As, Ni, Be, and Ca and halogens [Fl, Cl, Br, I] : toxic when released to the
environment
- damages the nervous system

Question 11

what happens to excess nitrogen in water and how is it harmful to native plants?

Answer 11

eutrophication - encourage growth of weedy species that crowd out native plants

Question 12

id: indoor air pollutants

Answer 12

accumulation or build up of chemicals, suspended solid

Question 13

enum: (4)
effects of air pollution

Answer 13

1) human health: increased probability of heart attacks, respiratory diseases and lung cancer (4M people die a year
2) plant pathology: (toxic levels of oxidants produce discoloration and then necrotic [dead] spots)
3) visibility reduction
4) acid deposition (precipitation)

Question 14

id: refers to any physical, biological or chemical change in water quality that
adversely affects living organisms or makes water unsuitable for desired uses

Answer 14

water pollution

Question 15

enum: (4)
biological pollution - causes health problems

Answer 15

infectious agents
organic chemicals
inorganic chemicals
radioactive materials

Question 16

enum: (4)
biological pollution - causes ecosystem disruption

Answer 16

sediment
plant nutrients
oxygen demanding wastes
thermal (heat)

Question 17

what is the most serious water pollutants in terms of human health

Answer 17

pathogenic organisms

Question 18

id: increase in concentration of a pollutant in an organism

Answer 18

bioaccumulation

Question 19

id: increase in concentration of a pollutant in a food chain

Answer 19

biomagnification

Question 20

id: all discarded waste material from household, trade, commercial, industrial and mining activities

Answer 20

solid waste

Question 21

enum: (3) types of solid waste depending on the source

Answer 21

1) municipal waste: household waste
2) industrial waste: hazardous waste
3) biomedical waste: hospital/infectious waste

Question 22

enum: (4) broad categories of solid waste

Answer 22

1) organic waste: kitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits
2) toxic waste: old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer containers
3) recyclable: paper, glass, metals, plastics
4) soiled: hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body fluid

Question 23

enum: (11)
factors that affect waste generation

Answer 23

 State of the national economy
 Lifestyle of the people
 Demographic profile of the household
 Size and type of dwelling
 Age
 Religion
 Extent in which the 3R’s are carried out
 Presence of pets and domestic animals
 Seasonal variations
 Presence of laws and ordinances governing waste management
 Company buy – back guarantees for used containers and packaging

Question 24

enum: (5) where do our wastes go

Answer 24

1) open dumps: predominant method of waste disposal especially in most developing countries
2) ocean dumping:
3) landfills: more sanitary ( plastic or clay liner separates the waste from the soil to
prevent seepage of liquid into groundwater)
4) exporting waste: shipping hazardous and toxic waste to less developed countries
5) incineration and resource recovery: involves the combustion of waste material in the presence of oxygen

Question 25

enum: (5) options in shrinking of our wastes

Answer 25

1) recycling
2) composting
3) energy from waste
4) demanufacturing
5) reuse

Question 26

id:
- reusing something
- processing of discarded materials into new useful products

Answer 26

recycling

Question 27

id: turning valuable organic material into a useful product through ________-

Answer 27

composting (biological degradation/breakdown of organic
matter under aerobic conditions)

Question 28

id: matter is decomposed by microorganisms generating billions of cubic meters of methane - fuel

Answer 28

energy from waste

Question 29

id: the disassembly and recycling of obsolete consumer products such as TV,
computers, refrigerators, washing machines and air conditioners

Answer 29

demanufacturing

Question 30

id: cleaning and ___________
materials in their present form thus
saving the cost and energy of remaking
them into something else

Answer 30

reuse

Question 31

id: avoiding unnecessary waste such as excess packaging

Answer 31

producing less waste