Lesson 1.2: Nature of Inquiry and Research Flashcards
the word research is from
the french word “cerchier” and the prefix “re”
cerchier means
seek
re means
to repeat
a systematic application of scientific methods to the study of a problem.
research in education
the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data.
quantitative research
It can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results to wider populations
quantitative research
characteristics of quantitative research
measurable; structured research instruments; numerical data; large sample sizes; replication; emphasizes on proofs
strengths of quantitative research
it is objective; the use of the statistical techniques facilitates sophisticated analyses of data; it is real and unbiased; the numerical data can be analyzed in a quick and easy ways; quantitative studies are replicable
weaknesses of quantitative research
it requires a large number of respondents; it is costly; the information of contextual factors to help interpret the results or to explain variations are usually ignored; if not done seriously and correctly, data from questionnaires may be incomplete and inaccurate; many information are difficult to gathered using structured research instruments
kinds of quantitative research
experimental and non-experimental
types of experimental research
true-experimental; quasi-experimental; pre-experimental
types of non-experimental research
descriptive
types of descriptive research
survey; correlational; ex-post facto studies; comparative; evaluative methodological
In this kind of design, the researcher observes phenomena as they occur naturally and no external variables are introduced.
non-experimental
Determine the extent or direction of attitudes and behaviors.
descriptive research design
descriptive research answers
what is and there is
descriptive research does not answer
how, when, and why
It provides a quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by studying a sample of that population.
survey
kinds of survey
total population, sample, social, school, public opinion, poll, market, comparative, short-term, long-term, longitudinal, cross-sectional, job analysis, evaluation, community, correlational study
investigator researches on the attitude, and behaviour of different groups of people.
social survey
finding out what kind of purchase which product and how packaging, advertising, buying behaviour, prices and so on..
market survey
provides information about the community
community survey
topics related to the community
health; employment; housing; education; economic resources; other community problems
Design is used to investigate the direction and magnitude of relationships among variables in a particular population.
correlational research design
in correlational research design, data is presented in
X and Y, where X is independent variable and Y is dependent variable
Design is used to compare and contrast representative samples from two or more groups of subjects in relation to certain designated variables that occur in normal conditions.
comparative research design
Is used to establish the cause and effect relationship between variables.
experimental design
Require pre-testing of randomized control and experimental group.
true-experimental
A type of experimental design in which the researcher does not use random assignment of subjects to groups.
quasi-experimental
pre-test is
before the experiment
post-test is
after the experiment
fields that research benefits
communication; sports medicine; medical education; behavioral sciences; educational and psychology; social sciences; natural and physical science; agriculture and fisheries; sports; business; arts and design; environmental science
- Effect of Communication Phenomenon
- Understanding diversified questions
- Human behaviors
- Human relationship
- Emotional Stress
communication
- Mushrooming of fast food chains and obesity of children
- Eating Habits
- Physical Activity
- Physical Inactivity
sports medicine
- Observational Research
- Experimental Research
- Internal and External Validity
- Cause- Effect Generalizations
medical educationq
- Questions of Relationships
- Questions of Differences
- Uncover certain Pattern of Behaviors
behavioral sciences
- Positivism
- Post Positivism
- Negativism
- Social World
- Natural World
- Causal Nature
education and psychology
- Positivist Perspective
- Psychological Research
- Effect of intervention to group behavior.
- Understanding cultural or racial conflicts
- Human satisfaction and stressors.
social sciences
- Investigate the effectiveness of a product or treatment to illnesses
- Finding or enhancing alternative energy sources.
- Advancement in material science
natural and physical science
- Increase the yields of crops
- Prevention and cure for crops and livestock diseases
agricultural and fisheries
Enhance athletic performance
sports
- Devise marketing strategies
- Improve marketability
business
- Relationship between color and architectural space
- Multimedia use and adaptation for recreation, businesses marketing and lifestyle changes.
arts and design
Cause and Effect of Climate Change
environmental science
root word of the word variable
“vary” or simply “can change”
a characteristics of an individual or organization that can be observed and measured, and it can be vary among people or organizations being studied.
variables
fundamentals of research
variables; measurement; validity; reliability; cause and effect; theory
most common variables in social research
age, sex, gender, education, income, marital status, occupation
most common variables agreement having 5 attributes
strongly disagree; disagree; neutral; agree; strongly agree
types/nature of variables
nominal; ordinal; interval; ratio;
represents categories that cannot be ordered in any particular way.
nominal variables
examples of nominal variables
biological sex, political affiliation, organization/club affiliation
represents categories that can be ordered from greatest to smallest.
ordinal variables
examples of ordinal variables
educational level, income brackets, school honors
have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of numbers.
interval variables
examples of interval variables
body temperature; weather temperature; person’s net worth
have values that lie along an evenly disperses range of numbers when there is an absolute zero.
ratio variables
primary kinds of variables
independent; dependent; intervening/mediating; control; confounding
those that cause, influence, or affect outcomes.
independent variables
those that show the effects or results or outcomes of the influence of the independent variables.
dependent variables
those that are in-between the independent and dependent variables, that is, showing the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable
intervening or mediating variable
those that are measured in a study because they potentially influence the dependent variable, using statistical procedure like analysis or covariance to control these variables.
control variable
those that are not measured but they exist.
confounding variables
2 commonly used primary kinds of variables
independent or dependent variables
Those that cause, influence, or affect outcomes.
independent variables
Can stand alone and they are not changed by other variables you are trying to measure.
independent variables
examples of independent variables
age, gender, what people eat, how much time they spend
Those that show the effects or results or outcomes of the influence of the independent variables.
dependent variable
dependent variables are what
researchers are interested in
examples of dependent variables
test score, number of sick people, number of politicians
2 traits of variables
exhaustive and mutually exclusive variables
This should be included all possible answerable responses.
exhaustive variables
When all possible answerable responses are included as possible attributes for a variable, the list of attributes is said to be ____.
exhaustive
No respondent should be able to have two attributes simultaneously.
mutually exclusive variables
