Lesson 12 Grammar Flashcards
To express obligation (I have to/do not have to; need to / do not need to) (Pres. & Fut.)
Sub ( ले ) inf. + पर्छ / पर्दैन
Past tense obligation (I had to/ did not have to; I needed to/did not need to)
Sub ( ले ) inf. + पर्यो / परेन
नै is used to express urgency; great necessity
v.s. + नै + पर्छ
म जानु पर्छ
I have to go
म जानै पर्छ
I really have to go; I must go.
मैले यो काम आज सिद्ध्याउनु पर्छ
I have to/need to/must finish this work today.
म भोलि काठमान्डू जानु पर्छ
I have to/will have to go to Kathmandu tomorrow.
(impersonal) नेपालमा काम गरको लागि नेपालि भासा सिक्नु पर्छ
One should learn Nepali to work in Nepal.
टाउको दुख्दा aspirin खानु पर्छ
One should take an aspirin when one’s head hurts.
to express habitual Pres. & simple Fut. tense, use 3rd Pers. Sing. of हुनु
हुन्छा / हुदैन ( दै is nasal)
अहिले जाडो छ
It is cold now.
Decemberमा जाडो हुन्छा
It (always/habitually) cold in December.
आउने हप्ता जाडो हुन्छा
It will be cold next week.
In cases of “should” use:
पर्छ
In cases of “should NOT” use:
inf. + हुदैन (हु is nasal)
रक्सि खानु हुदैन
One should not drink alcohol.
Use of “ ले “ as with (manner/how one does something
______ले = with ______
म हातले खान्छु
I eat “with” my hand.
म सधै तातो पानीले नुहाउछु
.
I always bathe with hot water.
म अर्को हप्ता गाउमा हुन्छु
Next week, I will be in the village.
हाम्रो जाच कहिले हुन्छा ?
When will our test be?
म भित्र आए हुन्छा ?
Is it okay if I come in? May I come in?
हिन्दुहरुले गाइको मासु खान हुदैन
Hindus should not eat beef.
Pres. v.s. + न / नु हुन्छा
it’s allowed; it’s ok to do; you may do
यसरि खानु हुन्छा ?
Is it alright to eat like this?
past v.s. + एर
after, having done, and, with ‘verb’ ing
जुत्ता लगाएर
with shoes on
past v.s. + ए हुन्छा ?
may I/he/we; is it o.k.?; is it allowed?
म भित्र आए हुन्छा ?
May I come in?
हामि भित्र आए हुन्छा ?
May we come in?
तपाइँ भित्र आए हुन्छा .
You may come in.
मैले पकाए हुन्छा ?
May I cook?
तपाइले पकाउनु हुदैन .
You should not cook.
na + past v.s. + ए हुन्छा ?
Is it OK if I don’t? or as statement: It’s ok if you don’t.
भोलि म यहा नआए हुन्छा ?
Is it OK if I don’t come here tomorrow?
भोलि तपाइँ यहा नआए हुन्छा .
It’s OK if you don’t come here tomorrow.
हुन्छा ?
Okay?
हुदैन
not okay (हु is nasalized)
म घारमा जान्छु, हुन्छा ?
I’m going to my house, okay? (ans: हुन्छा = okay)
न + past v.s. + इकन
without doing something ( जुत्ता नलगाइकन )
past v.s. + एको
inform past & pres. continuous (…ing); used with all pronouns & does not conjugate.
(past tense use of एको ) हिजो म पाटन गएको .
Yesterday I went to Patan.
(pres. cont. use of एको ) अहिले मैले पिज्जा खाएको
I’m eating pizza now.
न + past v.s. + एको
(neg. form) did not or am not doing something
किन नखाएको ?
Why didn’t you eat? (or) Why are you not eating? (Can be used with any personal pronoun)
pres. v.s. + ने
pres. or fut. tense w/any personal pronoun.
न + pres. v.s. + ने
negative form, pres. or fut. tense w/ any pronoun
अब तपाइँ गए हुन्छा .
Now you may go.
आज नोभेम्बर २० तारिख हो .
Today’s date is Nov. 20.
आज कति तारिख हो ?
What is today’s date?
