Lesson 12 - Grammar Flashcards
The potential form
。For verbs of the group 1 (える, いる) change the final る to られる. Or add られる to the base i (ますform).
。For the second group add れる to the base え of verbs.
。くる and する are respectively こられる and できる
。All the verbs in potential for become える verbs
。The sentence structure of the potential sentence is X は (Y が) + Verb (in potential form), [The object marker を changes to が] X being the subject and Y the direct object
V(dictionary form)ことができる
。This form also shows ability and possibility
。The structure would be as follow, X は (Y を) Verb (dictionary form) + ことができる, X being the subject and Y the direct object
The たら form
。The たら form is obtained by adding ら to the non-polite perfective form (past non-polite)
。Verbた/verb(base あ)なかった, いadjectiveかった/くなかった, なadjectiveだった/じゃなかった, nounだった/じゃなかった + ら = たらform
。The たらform combines two sentences. The first sentence ending in the たらform is a condition for the following sentence. In this case, the second sentence can end in the volitional form like ましょう, or expressions of an invitation, a request, an obligation, a desire, etc
。Vたら, ~た, the idea expressed in this pattern is that after the actor did the action described by the first sentence, he/she unintentionally encountered the action or the event described by the second sentence
Ex:
食堂へ行ったら、アリスさんに会いました。
When I went to the cafeteria, I unintentionally saw Alice
。Differences between the たら and ば form, the たらform can be followed by verbs in request, invitational or desire forms, but the ばform can’t be followed by them unless the predicate preceding ば shows a state
Vたらいいです(か) / Vたらどうですか
。Vたらいいですか is used to ask for suggestion or advice, Vたらいいです and Vたらどうですか are used to give suggestion and advice. The first could be translated by “you should…” and the second “how about…”
。Vばいいです is also used as an equivalent to Vたらいいです, but Vばどうですか cannot be used
Vておく
。Means “do something for future use” or “do something in advance”
Vてみる
。Means “(try to) do something and see what will happen or see if one can do, etc.”
ために
。Means “for the sake of” or “in order that.”
。It follows the dictionary form of a verb or a noun + のため acts as a noun and can be followed by だ
。Can’t be used for cause
Vたことがある
。Shows an experience in the past
。Don’t change を to が
。Frequency of the experience is expressed by a numeral + 回/度. It precedes the verb it modifies
。In order to emphasize a negative answer we can use いちども～ない “have never…”
V(non-polite imperfective)ことがある
。Means “someone sometimes does something”
。The particle が can be replaced by も
”~”のことなんですが/”~”のことで
。These expressions are used to present the introductory remarks of a conversation. The part “~” is filled with a noun which shows the main topic of a conversation. When you want to talk about the exam, that part will be filled with “試験”. “~”のことなんですが is a sentence, and “~”のことで is a part of a sentence
Question words or phrases + でも
。A question word or phrase (such as だれ、何、どれ、どちら、どの本、何人、何時、いつ、いくら、etc.) + で (the てform of だ) + も means “anyone/anything/anytime, etc.” or “no matter… it is.”
。The question word can be followed by any Group 1 particle, except が and を -> Ex: どこへでも
Expressing reason with てform
。The てform can be used to express series of action and event, and means or methods of the action
。It can also show causes or reasons when the first clause ends with て
。It can be used with いadj なadj and nouns + だ
Ex:
難しくて、びっくりしました。
I was surprised because it was difficult
毎日ひまで、うれしいです。
I am happy because I have free time every day
まで preceded by a verbal sentence
。It can be preceded by a sentence in the non-polite imperfective affirmative form of a verb and it means “until”
Ex:
ありすさんが来るまで待ってください。
Please wait until Alice comes.
について
。It means “about” or “concerning” and if follows a noun
Making an appointment
Different expressions
。Calling - 先生 [Professor,]
。Starting the conversation - 今、ちょっとよろしでしょうか。(すみません。) [May I ask you something?]
。Explaining the situation, topic - あのう、～のことで、ご相談があるんですが 。[I want to ask you about…]
。Asking for an appointment - あのう、いつでもけっこうなんですが (来週/あした) お時間いただけますか。[Anytime is O.K., could I see you (next week/tomorrow) when you have time?]
。Asking about a convenient time - どちらが (何時が/いつが) よろしいでしょうか。[Which is the best?]
。Confirmation - はい。 (大丈夫です。) [Yes, I can.]
。Confirmation - あした５時ですね。[5 o’clock tomorrow, isn’t it?]
。Confirmation - はい。分かりました・[O.K. fine.]
。Ending - よろしくお願いします。[Thank you.]
。Leaving - 失礼します。[Good-bye.]
