Lesson 11 - Grammar Flashcards
この/その/あの + 前(に)/後(で)/とき(に)
。Before, after, when
。The particles can be omitted
Nの + 前(に)/後(で)/とき(に)
。Before, after, when
。The particles can be omitted
Clause (non-polite form) + 前(に)/後(で)/とき(に)
。Before, after, when
。The particles can be omitted
。With 前 you have to use the imperfective (present) form and with 後 you have to use the perfective (past) form, those verbs need to be in a non/polite form (plain form).
。With toki if you use the imperfective (行く) the meaning would be (here, on the way, before). If you use the imperfective (行った) the meaning would be (there, when)
Ex:
1. 東京へ行くとき、薬を買ってください。
Before you go to Tokyo, please buy the medicine (here).
2. 東京へ行ったとき、薬を買ってください。
When you go to Tokyo, please buy the medicine (there).
When the action “to go to Tokyo” is not completed, use the imperfective form, if it is completed, that one has arrived in Tokyo, use the perfective form
The ば form
。Verbs in base い (ますform) + えば
。For words ending in い, drop the final い of the word and add ければ
。For な adjectives and nouns, which end in だ, the affirmative ば form is なら
。Meaning: It indicates a general condition of the occurrence of the action or the state described by the following main clause, meaning something like “if something happens (now or in the future)” or “if something is so” or “provided that something happens” or “provided something is so” and “if something does not happen” or “if something is not so”
Vばいいです
。This pattern is used to give some advice. You can add か to ask for advice
。Vばいいでしょうか is its polite form
Vなければいけません/Vなければなりません
Vなくてはいけません/Vなくてはなりません
。Verbs in base あ (ないform) + Vなければいけません/Vなければなりません
Vなくてはいけません/Vなくてはなりません
。Or the negative ば form なければ
。Meaning: Have to
~かもしれない (かもしれません)
。(Non-polite form) + かもしれない
な adjective without da + かもしれない
Noun without da + かもしれない
。Meaning: May
~ながら
。Verbs in base い (ますform) + ながら
。Meaning: Used to describe two actions going on at the same time, though not necessarily simultaneously, the more important one follows ながら, the subject of the two actions must be the same
V Nominalizer こと
。The nominalizer の cannot precede です, so we use こと
Ex:
の- 本を読むのが好きです。
こと- 趣味は本を読むことです。
なんか、など、か
。なんか or its more formal word など, following one or more nouns, indicates that the nouns are mentioned as an example
Ex:
クラシカルなんかが好きです。
Particle か
Meaning: Or
Conjunction で
。で is a contracted form of それで
。Meaning: So
Vている -> Vてる
。Vてる is a contracted form of Vている, we drop the い or いる
Make adverbs out of い and な adjectives
An い adjective in its く form or a な adjective in its に form behaves as an adverb and precedes the verb it modifies
Asking for advice
。~んですが、~ばいいでしょうか
。We use ~んですが to explain the situation and use ~ばいいでしょうか to ask for advice (what should we do)