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Mechanical Analysis of Movement EP 4503 > Lesson 11: Muscle-Tendon Mechanics > Flashcards

Lesson 11: Muscle-Tendon Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle can only control movements transmitting force through… ____

A

passive components (tendons) to the skeletal segments

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2
Q

MTC is capable of acting as: )_____ ______ _____ and _____

A

motor (concentric)
brake (eccentric)
Stretch shortening cycle: (spring)
isometric (strut)

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3
Q

an action in which the muscle tendon complex develops greater torque than the external torque acting on it and shortens
bc the force and displacement are in the same direction, the MTC is doing positive work– increasing the energy of the skeletal stytem

A

concentric action

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4
Q

an action in which the MTC develops less torque than the external torque acting on it and lengthening because the torque and the displacement are in the opposite direction
the MTC is doing negative work
decreasing the energy of the skeletal system

A

eccentric action

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5
Q

a concentric action immediately after an eccentric action; energy stored during the eccentric action contributes to the movement during the concentric action

A

stretch shortening cycle

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6
Q

in the stretch shortening cycle, _______ action comes first, and there is a very quick transition to _________ action

A

eccentric

concentric

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7
Q

an action in which the muscle tendon complex develops a torque that is equal to the external torque acting on it and does not chance its length; because there is no displacement the MTC is doing no work__ the energy of the skeletal system remains unchanged during isometric actions

A

isometric

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8
Q

_______ determines both the force producing capabilities and operating range of a muscle

A

muscle architecture

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9
Q

muscle architecture refers to how fibers of a muscle are arranged relative to the _________

A

vector of force generation

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10
Q

Parallel muscle architecture favors

A

ROM

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11
Q

pennate muscle architecture favors

A

force production

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12
Q

_____ is one of the many passive elements within the complex

A

tendon

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13
Q

have both elastic and viscous properties

A

viscoelastic

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14
Q

tendons are

A

viscoelastic

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15
Q

resistance to change in deformation

provides more dynamic stability and greater force production

A

stiffness

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16
Q

an object with greater stiffness requires ______ forces for the same amount of deformation

A

greater

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17
Q

the opposite of stiffness

allows for more ROM

A

compliant

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18
Q

the _____ the material, the more force it provides

A

stiffer

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19
Q

increase force with _________

A

increasing velocity of stretch

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20
Q

if ______, the amount of energy is being stored

A

lengthening

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21
Q

if ______, the amount of energy is being released.

A

shortening

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22
Q

an increase in the number of muscle fibers

A

hyperplasia

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23
Q

an increase in the size of muscle fibers

A

hypertrophy

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24
Q

______ produces more force

A

eccentric

25
Q

injuries normally occur during _________ action

A

eccentric

26
Q

the amount of force that can be produced per cross sectional area

A

specific tension

27
Q

a motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates

A

motor unit

28
Q

recruitment governed by two principles

A
  • all or none principle

- size principle

29
Q

motor units are recruited in an orderly process from _____ to _____

A

smallest to largest (type 1 recruited first also)

30
Q

force output is changed by either:

A
  • increasing the firing frequency

- activating more motor units

31
Q

the time between onset of electrical activity at the muscle and production of measurable force.

A

electromechanical delay

32
Q

why is there an electromechanical delay?

A
  • time needed for chemical processes
  • time needed for cross bridge formation
  • time needed to take up the slack in the tendon
33
Q

Rate of force development becomes very important when you realize that many activities occur in less time than it takes to develop the _____ amount of force

A

maximum

34
Q

time history of activation in the SSC is involved only if : (3)
What 3 conditions will enhance the SSC

A
  • a well timed pre-activation of muscle prior to the eccentric action
  • a short rapid eccentric action
  • an immediate transition from the eccentric action to the concentric action
35
Q

what is an immediate transition from the eccentric action to the concentric action known as

A

amortization phase

36
Q

any reduction in force-generating capacity of the total neuromuscular system, regardless of the force required in any given situation

A

fatigue

37
Q

the inability to continue or complete a desired action

A

task failure

38
Q

______ occurs because one or several of the physiological processes involved in force production of the contractile proteins becomes impaired

A

fatigue

39
Q

for a sarcomere, at what length can the greatest amount of tension be produced?

A

resting length bc all the myosin can bind to actin

40
Q

for a whole muscle, at what length can the greatest amount of tension be produced?

A

greater than resting length bc of the SSC

41
Q

electromechanical delay is the time between what 2 events?

A

onset of electrical activity at the muscle and the production of measurable force

42
Q

with aging and disuse, there is an overall ________ in the force-producing capabilities of the MTC

A

decrease

43
Q

a decrease in the physiological cross sectional area

A

atrophy

44
Q

age related decrease in muscle mass

A

sarcopenia

45
Q

how is the tendon itself affected by aging?

A
  • rapid decrease in stiffness and elastic modulus

- decrease in CSA

46
Q

heavy resistance training can alter all the factors in the MTC including: (3)

A
  • increase in PCSA
  • increased number of sarcomeres in a series
  • increased force production
47
Q

injury to a muscle

A

strain

48
Q

injury to a ligament

A

sprain

49
Q

the mechanics that result in an injury

A

mechanopathology

50
Q

the mechanics that are a result of an injury

A

pathomechanics

51
Q

strains are the result of both a _____ and _____ placed on the muscle

A

stretch and load

52
Q

______ occurs during eccentric muscle actions

A

strains

53
Q

_______ is the most commonly injured muscle group

A

hamstrings

54
Q

tendons under go greater _______ than muscles

A

strains

55
Q

repetitive straining can lead to degenerative changes leading to a _____

A

rupture

56
Q

has the ability to regenerate

A

muscle pathomechanics

57
Q

scar tissue that sometimes replaces muscle

A
  • decreases optimal length
  • decreases in ROM
  • leads to high incidence of reinjury
58
Q

alters both mechanical and material properties

A

tendon pathomechanics

Mechanical Analysis of Movement EP 4503 (4 decks)

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