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Mechanical Analysis of Movement EP 4503 > Lesson 10: tissue level > Flashcards

Lesson 10: tissue level Flashcards

1
Q

the mechanics of materials of human connective tissue: bones, ligaments, cartilage, tendons, muscle

A

tissue mechanics

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2
Q

an externally applied force

A

Load

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3
Q

how an object responds to a load is determined by (7)

A

magnitude, location, direction, duration, frequency, variability, rate

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4
Q

types of axial loading

A

compression and tension

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5
Q

a load that squeezes the parts of a body together

A

compression

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6
Q

a load that pulls the parts of a body apart

A

tension

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7
Q

a load applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a body causing it to curve (combination of tension on long side, and compression on the shorter side.)

A

bending

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8
Q

what 3 factors determine the effect of bending of a body

A
  • cross sectional area
  • distribution of the material around the neutral axis
  • length of the body
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9
Q

a measure of a body’s resistance to bending

A

area moment of inertia

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10
Q

a load that causes one part of a body to move PARALLEL past another part

A

Shear loading

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11
Q

forces are directed towards each other like in compression, just not along the same line

A

shear loading

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12
Q

a type of loading that exist when there is a twist around a neutral axis

A

torsion

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13
Q

tells you how the material that makes up the body responds to loading
- internal responses of a body to a load
(stress, strain, elastic modulus, strain energy density)

A

material properties

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14
Q

tells you how a body as a whole responds to a load ( strength, deformation, stiffness, toughness)

A

mechanical properties

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15
Q

the amount of loading an object can withstand before failure

A

strength

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16
Q

a change in dimensions of a body

A

deformation

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17
Q

axial load deformation is determined as

A

change in length

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18
Q

a characterization of an object that can undergo very small deformations

A

brittle

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19
Q

a characterization of an object that can under go veery large deformations

A

ductile

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20
Q

types of deformaion

A

elastic and plastic

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21
Q

a deformation in which the object returns to its original dimensions

A

elastic

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22
Q

a deformation in which the object does not return to its original dimensions after the deformation

A

plastic

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23
Q

the amount of deformation that marks the transition from elastic to plastic deformations
- deformation beyond this point results in permanent deformation

A

yield point

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24
Q

the ration of change in load to the change in deformation (load/deformation)

A

stiffness

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25
the ratio of change in deformation to change in load (deformation/load)
compliance
26
the amount of energy that can be absorbed by a body before failure
toughness
27
the amount of energy absorbed by the body as a result of deformation
strain energy
28
the way a force is distributed within a body
stress
29
the change in dimension normalized to the original dimension
strain
30
the ratio of stress to strain
elastic modulus (aka Young's modulus)
31
relative amount of energy stored by the material
strain energy density
32
a DECREASE in STRESS when STRAIN is held CONSTANT for a given period of time
stress relaxation
33
an INCREASE in STRAIN when the STRESS is held CONSTANT for a period of time
creep
34
the lubricating fluid prevents direct surface-to-surface contact
boundary lubrication
35
movement increases the amount of fluid between articulating surfaces, thus increasing their separation
fluid flim lubrication
36
surface material is deformed and removed by frictional forces
wear
37
wear that occurs when two surfaces come in direct contact (acute)
interfacial wear
38
sticking together
adhesion wear
39
sliding past one another
abrasion wear
40
wear that is the result of micro-damage (chronic)
fatigue wear
41
a breaking apart of material - maximum stress exceeds the ultimate stress - strain exceeds the maximum strain
material failure
42
steps to create the model of injury:
- failure tolerance - actual stress - margin of safety
43
the stress level above which failure will occure
failure tolerance
44
how much stress the body is subjected
actual stress
45
the difference b/w the failure tolerance and the actual stress applied to the body
margin of safety
46
we want to ______ margin of safety to decrease injury risk
increase
47
- a injury that happens immediately | - a single external load creates enough stress that it exceeds the failure tolerance of the tissue
acute
48
an injury that develops over time
chronic
49
example of acute injury
sprains and strains
50
examples of chronic injury
stress fractures, anything ending in "itis", shin splints
51
- outer layer of bone - solid and dense - aka compact
cortical
52
- inner layer of bone - less organized and random - aka spongy or cancellous
trabecular
53
the total amount of mineral in bone
bone mineral content
54
the mineral content in an area or volume of bone
bone mineral density
55
its not just increasing the bone mineral density, but _________________ that determines the overall strength of the bone
where the bone is placed
56
- exhibiting different properties when measured in different directions - allows for stiffness and brittleness
anisotropic
57
the mechanics that result in an injury
mechanopathology
58
the braking of a bone
fracture
59
two types of fractures:
- acute(traumatic):occurs instantly | - stress: occurs over time
60
lower than normal bone mineral density
osteopenia
61
severe decrease in bone mineral density
osteoporosis
62
age and disuse have an ________ relationship with bone health
inverse
63
weight bearing exercise has a ________ relationship with bone health
direct
64
What are the three types of cartilage?
- articular - fibrocartilage - elastic
65
covers the articular surface of bones
articular cartilage
66
has specialized roles. ex: intervertebral discs
fibrocartilage
67
found in the external ear, parts of the nose, and other places
elastic cartilage
68
what are the two important functions of articular cartilage?
1. distribute the load transmitted across the joint (decreases the stress on the joint surfaces) 2. allows for relative movement of the two opposing joint surfaces with minimal wear and tear (decreases the friction)
69
articular cartilage is primarily loaded under_______
compression
70
lubricates the joints and is permeable
articular cartilage
71
the progressive degeneration of the articular cartilage and the bone deep to it
osteoarthritis
72
risk factors of osteoarthritis
``` aging weakness obesity malalignment injury ```
73
_________ loading brings the desired changes of increased thickness and proteoglycan content, and decreased removal
moderate, repetitive
74
ligaments (3)
- connect bone to bone - restrict certain movements - guide certain movements
75
ligaments are generally loaded under_____
tension
76
an injury to a ligament that occurs when it is stretched beyond its capacity - usually occurs when ligament is forcibly wrapped around part of a bone
sprain
77
long periods of immobilization or aging lead to decrease in ______, _______, and _______ of ligaments
mass, strength, and stiffness

Mechanical Analysis of Movement EP 4503 (4 decks)

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