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Mechanical Analysis of Movement EP 4503 > Lesson 10: tissue level > Flashcards

Lesson 10: tissue level Flashcards

1
Q

the mechanics of materials of human connective tissue: bones, ligaments, cartilage, tendons, muscle

A

tissue mechanics

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2
Q

an externally applied force

A

Load

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3
Q

how an object responds to a load is determined by (7)

A

magnitude, location, direction, duration, frequency, variability, rate

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4
Q

types of axial loading

A

compression and tension

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5
Q

a load that squeezes the parts of a body together

A

compression

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6
Q

a load that pulls the parts of a body apart

A

tension

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7
Q

a load applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a body causing it to curve (combination of tension on long side, and compression on the shorter side.)

A

bending

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8
Q

what 3 factors determine the effect of bending of a body

A
  • cross sectional area
  • distribution of the material around the neutral axis
  • length of the body
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9
Q

a measure of a body’s resistance to bending

A

area moment of inertia

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10
Q

a load that causes one part of a body to move PARALLEL past another part

A

Shear loading

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11
Q

forces are directed towards each other like in compression, just not along the same line

A

shear loading

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12
Q

a type of loading that exist when there is a twist around a neutral axis

A

torsion

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13
Q

tells you how the material that makes up the body responds to loading
- internal responses of a body to a load
(stress, strain, elastic modulus, strain energy density)

A

material properties

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14
Q

tells you how a body as a whole responds to a load ( strength, deformation, stiffness, toughness)

A

mechanical properties

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15
Q

the amount of loading an object can withstand before failure

A

strength

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16
Q

a change in dimensions of a body

A

deformation

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17
Q

axial load deformation is determined as

A

change in length

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18
Q

a characterization of an object that can undergo very small deformations

A

brittle

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19
Q

a characterization of an object that can under go veery large deformations

A

ductile

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20
Q

types of deformaion

A

elastic and plastic

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21
Q

a deformation in which the object returns to its original dimensions

A

elastic

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22
Q

a deformation in which the object does not return to its original dimensions after the deformation

A

plastic

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23
Q

the amount of deformation that marks the transition from elastic to plastic deformations
- deformation beyond this point results in permanent deformation

A

yield point

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24
Q

the ration of change in load to the change in deformation (load/deformation)

A

stiffness

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25
Q

the ratio of change in deformation to change in load (deformation/load)

A

compliance

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26
Q

the amount of energy that can be absorbed by a body before failure

A

toughness

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27
Q

the amount of energy absorbed by the body as a result of deformation

A

strain energy

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28
Q

the way a force is distributed within a body

A

stress

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29
Q

the change in dimension normalized to the original dimension

A

strain

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30
Q

the ratio of stress to strain

A

elastic modulus (aka Young’s modulus)

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31
Q

relative amount of energy stored by the material

A

strain energy density

32
Q

a DECREASE in STRESS when STRAIN is held CONSTANT for a given period of time

A

stress relaxation

33
Q

an INCREASE in STRAIN when the STRESS is held CONSTANT for a period of time

A

creep

34
Q

the lubricating fluid prevents direct surface-to-surface contact

A

boundary lubrication

35
Q

movement increases the amount of fluid between articulating surfaces, thus increasing their separation

A

fluid flim lubrication

36
Q

surface material is deformed and removed by frictional forces

A

wear

37
Q

wear that occurs when two surfaces come in direct contact (acute)

A

interfacial wear

38
Q

sticking together

A

adhesion wear

39
Q

sliding past one another

A

abrasion wear

40
Q

wear that is the result of micro-damage (chronic)

A

fatigue wear

41
Q

a breaking apart of material

  • maximum stress exceeds the ultimate stress
  • strain exceeds the maximum strain
A

material failure

42
Q

steps to create the model of injury:

A
  • failure tolerance
  • actual stress
  • margin of safety
43
Q

the stress level above which failure will occure

A

failure tolerance

44
Q

how much stress the body is subjected

A

actual stress

45
Q

the difference b/w the failure tolerance and the actual stress applied to the body

A

margin of safety

46
Q

we want to ______ margin of safety to decrease injury risk

A

increase

47
Q
  • a injury that happens immediately

- a single external load creates enough stress that it exceeds the failure tolerance of the tissue

A

acute

48
Q

an injury that develops over time

A

chronic

49
Q

example of acute injury

A

sprains and strains

50
Q

examples of chronic injury

A

stress fractures, anything ending in “itis”, shin splints

51
Q
  • outer layer of bone
  • solid and dense
  • aka compact
A

cortical

52
Q
  • inner layer of bone
  • less organized and random
  • aka spongy or cancellous
A

trabecular

53
Q

the total amount of mineral in bone

A

bone mineral content

54
Q

the mineral content in an area or volume of bone

A

bone mineral density

55
Q

its not just increasing the bone mineral density, but _________________ that determines the overall strength of the bone

A

where the bone is placed

56
Q
  • exhibiting different properties when measured in different directions
  • allows for stiffness and brittleness
A

anisotropic

57
Q

the mechanics that result in an injury

A

mechanopathology

58
Q

the braking of a bone

A

fracture

59
Q

two types of fractures:

A
  • acute(traumatic):occurs instantly

- stress: occurs over time

60
Q

lower than normal bone mineral density

A

osteopenia

61
Q

severe decrease in bone mineral density

A

osteoporosis

62
Q

age and disuse have an ________ relationship with bone health

A

inverse

63
Q

weight bearing exercise has a ________ relationship with bone health

A

direct

64
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  • articular
  • fibrocartilage
  • elastic
65
Q

covers the articular surface of bones

A

articular cartilage

66
Q

has specialized roles. ex: intervertebral discs

A

fibrocartilage

67
Q

found in the external ear, parts of the nose, and other places

A

elastic cartilage

68
Q

what are the two important functions of articular cartilage?

A
  1. distribute the load transmitted across the joint (decreases the stress on the joint surfaces)
  2. allows for relative movement of the two opposing joint surfaces with minimal wear and tear (decreases the friction)
69
Q

articular cartilage is primarily loaded under_______

A

compression

70
Q

lubricates the joints and is permeable

A

articular cartilage

71
Q

the progressive degeneration of the articular cartilage and the bone deep to it

A

osteoarthritis

72
Q

risk factors of osteoarthritis

A 
aging
weakness
obesity
malalignment
injury
73
Q

_________ loading brings the desired changes of increased thickness and proteoglycan content, and decreased removal

A

moderate, repetitive

74
Q

ligaments (3)

A
  • connect bone to bone
  • restrict certain movements
  • guide certain movements
75
Q

ligaments are generally loaded under_____

A

tension

76
Q

an injury to a ligament that occurs when it is stretched beyond its capacity
- usually occurs when ligament is forcibly wrapped around part of a bone

A

sprain

77
Q

long periods of immobilization or aging lead to decrease in ______, _______, and _______ of ligaments

A

mass, strength, and stiffness

Mechanical Analysis of Movement EP 4503 (4 decks)

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