Lesson 1.1 Flashcards
serve as laws that provide research-based and conceptual foundation for how learners naturally construct their personal meaning from information and experience.
Learning Principles
Principles of learning
I. Use several senses
II.Actively involve the learners in the learning process.
III.Provide an environment conducive for learning.
IV.Assess learner’s extent of readiness to learn.
V.Determine learner’s perceived relevance of the information.
VI. Repeat the information
VII.Generalize information
VIII. Make learning a pleasant experience
X.Present information at an appropriate rate.
Learners tend to remember: __ of what they read; __of what they hear; __of what they see; __ of what they see, hear, and read; __ of what they say; __ of what they say and do.
learners tend to remember: 10% of what they read, 20% of what they hear, 30% of what they see, 50% of what they see, hear, and read, 70% of what they say, 90% of what they say and do.
Use more interactive methods e.g. role play, small group discussion
II.Actively involve the learners in the learning process.
Consider comfort and convenience of learners
Provide an environment conducive for learning.
Readiness can be affected by physical and emotional factors
Assess learner’s extent of readiness to learn.
Students are willing to learn if they perceive the information or skill being taught as relevant to their lives e.g. telling the students the importance of NCM 102 in their future nursing career
Determine learner’s perceived relevance of the information.
Repetition enhances learning.
Repeat the information
Cite applications of the information. Information is more readily learned if it is applied to more than one situation.
Generalise information
Four Ways by which students are exposed to aversive stimuli in class:
a.students are bored
b.students are subjected to unpleasant physical conditions
c.students are frustrated
d.students are emotionally hurt
Three (3) procedures to make learning pleasant:
-set challenging tasks during training
-give students knowledge of results
-reward their efforts (positive feedback)
Information should be presented in organized manner, from general to specific.
Begin with what is known then move toward what is unknown.
Four learning theories
A.Behaviorist Learning Theory (Behaviorism)
B.Social Learning Theory (Social Constructivism)
C.Cognitive Learning Theory (Cognitivism)
D. Social Cognitive Learning Theory
This theory is based on the view that the human mind is a “blank slate” that should be provided with information to be learned. Learning is the product of the stimulus or conditions (S) in the environment and the responses (R) that follow (S-R model of learning)
BEEHAVIORIST LEARNING THEORY
a process in which a behavior / response (UR) that originally followed one event (unconditioned stimulus, UCS) is made to follow a different event (neutral stimulus, NS)
classical Conditioning / Pavlovian Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)
focuses on the behavior of the organism and the reinforcement that occurs after the response which can either increase or decrease the behavior
Operant Conditioning (B. F. Skinner)
–He developed a theory of learning based solely on trial and error behavior
–according to him, the individual responds to a stimulus in a problem situation and if the response is successful it is reinforced by a sense of satisfaction
Edward Thorndike
a.Law of _____ - it refers to an attitudinal willingness to respond to a stimulus.
b.Law of _____ – it refers to the strengthening of S-R connections in proportion to the number of times, the intensity and the duration reinforcement occurs
c._____ - refers to the effect that follows the response.
Law of Readiness
Law of Exercise
Law of Effect
This theory proposes that learning occurs through observation and instruction
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Is a central concept of social learning; it requires the use of self as an instructional method whereby learners acquire new behaviors and social roles through identification with the role model
Role modelling
the concept wherein learners acquire new behaviors through the use of a model for their actions
Imitation
According to the cognitive theory, learning is largely a mental or intellectual or thinking process
COGNITIVE LEARNING
It proposes that the child’s view of the world is influenced largely by age and maturational ability. With nurturing experiences, the child’s ability to think matures naturally
Cognitive Stages of Development
Man is an energy system, an adaptive, purposeful creature whose behavior is determined by the manner in which he perceives his environment
Field Theory
It helps student understand why students respond to information as they do
FIeld Theory
Max Wertheimer’s Laws of Learning:
Law of Similarity
The law of Proximity
The Law of Good Continuation
it refers to the achievement of gestalts based on components linked by their similarity.
Law of Similarity
According to this law, similar items tend to be grouped together and will be perceived as a whole
Max Weltheimer’s Law of Learning
This refers to the groupings that arise in our understanding of the environment because of spatial (space) and temporal (time).
The law of Proximity
refers perceptually to enclosed areas that form holistic units more readily than do areas delineated
Tc
The ______is most closely related to the law of closure for it refers to the perceptual and logical completion of incomplete patterns.
Law of Good Continuation
_____ recognizes cognition as more than knowledge acquisition. He proposed that intelligence is not a single, general ability but rather modalities of specific intelligence that include
Howard Gardner
a._____related to written and spoken words and language and use and meaning of language/s
Linguistic
_____ – based on sensitivity to rhythm and beat, recognition of tonal patterns and pitch and appreciation of musical expression
musical/Rhythmic
related to induction and deductive reasoning, abstractions and discernment of numerical patterns
Logical/Mathematical
ability to visualize an object or to create internal (mental) images, thus to transform or to recreate
Visual/Spatial
the taking in and processing of knowledge thru use of bodily sensations. Learning is accomplished through physical movement or use of body language
Bodily Kinesthetic
emphasizes communication and interpersonal relationships, recognition of mood, temperament and other behaviors
Interpersonal
related to inner thought processes such as reflection and metacognition, includes spiritual awareness and self-knowledge.
Intrapersonal
This theory proposed that behavior is the result of the interaction among the person, the environment, and the behavior itself.
Social Cognitive Theory
Factors that affect the person’s behavior include:
a. Anticipated outcomes of engaging in the behavior
b. Observing others
c. Self-efficacy
d. Self-control
the concept wherein learners acquire new behaviors through the use of a model for their actions
Imitation
-It helps students understand why students respond to information as they do
-Perception and learning are holistic experiences based on the grasping of patterns and configurations.
-The whole is greater than the sum of its parts and real understanding of learning comes only at that level
Gestalt Learning Theory
