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earth science > lesson 1.1 > Flashcards

lesson 1.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

● cosmological model explaining how the universe began.

A

big bang theory

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2
Q

It suggests that the universe started its expansion about _____ ago based
on the latest calculations.

A

13.8 billion years

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3
Q

● The idea of the big bang theory -> similar to the ____

A

bread-raisin model

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4
Q

● The bread is compared with the ____, whereas the raisins are the _____.

A

universe, galaxies

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5
Q

● The big bang theory suggests that the universe began as a

A

“singularity.”

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5
Q

a point in the universe that is predicted to be in the core of a black hole with extremely high temperature and density.

A

Singularity

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6
Q

The nature of the singularity is still a _____ but this singularity
expands and cools constantly.

A

mystery to many scientists,

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7
Q

● The rate of expansion is __ to the rate of cooling.

A

almost equal

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8
Q

what led to the formation of matter and antimatter particles?

A

The intense heat led to the formation of matter and antimatter particles that were
destroyed every time they collided with each other.

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9
Q

is the formation of elements, such as hydrogen and helium.

A

Nucleosynthesis

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10
Q

● The presence of these elements led to the formation of _____.

A

stars and galaxies.

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11
Q

Proponents of Big Bang Theory

A
  1. Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaître
  2. Edwin Powell Hubble
  3. Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson
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12
Q

● suggested the idea of the expanding universe.

A
  1. Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaître
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13
Q

● first proponent of the big bang theory.

A
  1. Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaître
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14
Q

universe originated in an explosive act of a primeval atom or the “cosmic
egg,” which was like a huge atomic nucleus

A
  1. Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaître
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15
Q

● not supported by empirical evidence at that time.

A
  1. Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaître
16
Q

● the universe came from a hot state, it would leave traces that can be subjected to analysis. He then realized that there were traces in the form of cosmic rays

A
  1. Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaître
17
Q

● the universe came from a hot state, it would leave traces that can be subjected to analysis. He then realized that there were traces in the form of ____

A

cosmic rays

18
Q

were “ashes and smoke of bright but very rapid fireworks,”

A

cosmic rays

19
Q

primeval atom or

A

the “cosmic
egg,”

20
Q

● was an American astronomer who established Hubble’s law, which provided evidence that the universe was not static but expanding.

A
  1. Edwin Powell Hubble
21
Q

● In ____, Hubble spotted what he thought was a flaring nova star in the M31 nebula or the Andromeda constellation using a Hooker telescope.

A

1923

22
Q

● The ______ is now known as the Andromeda galaxy, the nearest galaxy in the Milky Way.

A

Andromeda constellation

23
Q

Then in ___, he noticed that all the galaxies seemed to be moving away from Earth with velocities that increased in proportion to their distance.

A

1929

24
Q

This relationship of the velocities of distant objects in the universe in proportion to
their distance from Earth is called

A

Hubble’s law

25
Q

● He published a report in the same year about his discovery.

A
  1. Edwin Powell Hubble
26
Q

● In 1923, Hubble spotted what he thought was a flaring nova star in the ______ using a _____ telescope.

A

M31
nebula or the Andromeda constellation

Hooker

27
Q

American astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson studied ____
in __.

A

cosmic radiation
in 1964.

28
Q

● They discovered that microwaves with wavelengths of about ____.

A

7 centimeters were
present in space.

29
Q

● They discovered that microwaves with wavelengths of about 7 centimeters were present in space.

A
  1. Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson
30
Q

These waves were referred to as ______.

A

cosmic microwave background (CMB)
radiation.

31
Q

is believed to be the thermal energy released when the ionized gasses became neutral particles as the early universe cooled down.

A

CMB radiation

32
Q

● This radiation served as a “___” when the universe was formed. The

A

leftover

33
Q

The discovery of this _____ provided strong evidence that the universe
began from the sudden expansion of a singularity, which supported _____.

A

cosmic radiation
Lemaître’s
study.

34
Q

Drawbacks of the Big Bang Theory

A
  1. It fails to explain how the universe was created
  2. The big bang theory violates the assumptions of the first law of thermodynamic

earth science (6 decks)

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