3.1

Question 1

who popularized the term noosphere or the sphere of human consciousness
and reason

Answer 1

1. Vladimir Vernadsky

Question 2

b. theorized that the noosphere is the last of many stages in evolution of organisms

Answer 2

1. Vladimir Vernadsky

Question 3

c. This is when human reason will provide further sustainable development of both humanity and the global environment.

Answer 3

1. Vladimir Vernadsky

Question 4

a 19th-century German geographer and naturalist, who helped establish the
foundation for Earth system science through his observations of nature.

Answer 4

2. Alexander Von Humboldt

Question 5

b. He traveled to America and collected botanical, zoological, and geological
specimens.

Answer 5

2. Alexander Von Humboldt

Question 6

c. With this, he successfully determined how distribution of life forms are affected by
atmospheric and geophysical factors.

Answer 6

2. Alexander Von Humboldt

Question 7

a. the father of modern geology

Answer 7

3. James Hutton

Question 8

b. he conceptualized the process of weathering

Answer 8

3. James Hutton

Question 9

wherein rock and soil are transformed through
exposure to Earth’s atmosphere

Answer 9

Weathering

Question 10

He described how Earth was formed in a repeated cycle of erosion and sedimentation driven by heat from volcanic activities.

Answer 10

3. James Hutton

Question 11

it implies that the geological forces (such as those that trigger erosion and volcanic activities) in the past are the same as those in the present, making it possible to determine Earth’s history by studying rocks.

Answer 11

the concept of uniformitarianism

Question 12

Gaia Hypothesis

Answer 12

4. James Lovelock

Question 13

a. Gaia Hypothesis - a postulate that Earth works as a self-regulating system

Answer 13

4. James Lovelock

Question 14

It proposes that all organisms and their habitats on Earth are closely integrated to
form a single and self-regulating system, where its components co-evolve to
maintain and perpetuate life forms

Answer 14

4. James Lovelock

Question 15

c. cited that this was evident in photosynthetic cyanobacteria during the
Precambrian period that modified Earth’s atmosphere to become oxygen-enriched.

Answer 15

4. James Lovelock

Question 16

Relevance to Society

Answer 16

● All parts of human history happened on Earth’s crust.
● Understanding the physical and chemical attributes of Earth is highly essential for the advancement of human lives on the planet.
● Understanding how Earth behaves and changes over time could help humans on how to properly adapt for survival.
● Moreover, Earth system science is important for exploring possibilities outside Earth.
● Knowing the complete nature of our planet allows humans to explore other planets in space that could provide essential needs of living organisms.
● Lastly, Earth system science embodies limitless boundaries of human curiosity in understanding its surroundings.