Lesson 1.1 Flashcards
Definition of anatomy
Science that studies body structures and the relationship among them
Definition of physiology
Science that studies the vital functions of living organisms
Definition histology
Science that study the microscopic structure of tissues
Definition of a tissue
Groups of similarities specialized cells and the substance surrounding them that usually arise from a common ancestor and perfom certain special functions
Give the levels from the smallest to biggest structural organization
Atoms
Molecule
Cells
Organs
Tissues
System
Organism
What is a cell what is a tissue an organ
Cell: structural and functional unit of living organism it is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently
Tissue:groups of similarities specialized cells and the substance surrounding them that usually arise from a common ancestor and perform certain special functions
Organs: structure of definite from that are composed of two or more different tissue and have specific functions
Which are the basic vital processes
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
Give definition of metabolism
Is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism
Definition responsiveness
Ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment
Definition movement
Includes motion of the whole body individual organ single cells or even organelles inside cells
Definition growth
Refers to an increase in size and complexity due to an increase in the number of cells size of cells and or increase in the amount of intersitial fluid between cells
Definition differentiation
Is the change from a unspecialized state to a specialized state
Definition reproduction
formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement or the production of a new individual
What is homeostasis
Is the ability of a living organisms to maintain the equilibrium in its internal environment. Thank to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes certain conditions are kept stable within a narrow value range
Is it a dynamic equilibrium homeostasis ?
Yess
Which are the factors that influences homeostasis
Internal: stress exercise immune response
External: heat cold change partial pressure of oxygen
Which are the 4 properties of homeostasis
Chemical signal
Antagonic control
Tonic level of activity
Nervous and endocrine system are equally important
Which system are important in maintaining regulatory mechanisms ?
Both nervous and endocrine systems
What is alostasis
Process that maintain the organism, maintain homeostasis
maintain stability through change and promote the adaptation and resolution of physiological problems
What is the origin of homeostatic fluid?
The origin of life is associated with marine environment, primitive ocean
Which are the différents types of liquid compartment
ICF
ECF : plasma + IF
What is the ECF
Outside body cells
Contain IF INTERSITTIAL FLUID and plasma+ trans cellular fluid
What is transcellular fluid
Fruild from the synovial peritoneal pericardic intraoculaire spaces and cerebrospinal fluid , composition different from the IF and the plasma
What are the proportion of water, ECF , ICF
60% water
2/3 intracellular fluid
1/3 extracellular fluid
Chemical composition is the same in ECF and IFC?
No proportion of theses fluids varies
2/3 intracellular fluids
1/3 extracell fluid
What is the osmolarity in mOsm/L
300
Where there are more Na+
More in ECF
More K+
In intracellular
More ca2+
In ECF
More Cl-
In ECF
More protein
In intracellular
Fluid compartments are under chemical equilibrium true or false
True
Celle membrane is permeable true or false
False semipermeable
What is osmosis
Is the movement or water into an area of higher solute concentration
Water can move freely from one side to the other?
Yes
What is hypotonic
Net water gain
Cell swells
What is hypertonic
Net water loss
Cell shrinks
What is isotonic solution
No net loss or gain
What is a stimulus ? A feedback system?
Any disruption that changes a controlled condition
A cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and reported to and controlled by a central region
What change stimulus ?
Temperature
Pressure
PH
What is sensor or receptor?
Monitor changes in a controlled condition.
Taste smell touch
Thermoreceptor nociceptor baroeeceptor
Threshold
Value below with the feedback loop is not activated
Afferent pathway
Connect the sensory receptors with the control centre
What are the component of the reflex response
Control centre
Efferent pathway
Effector
Response
What is the signal of nervous reflex? Endocrine reflex?
Signal of nervous reflex: electrical + chemical ( neurotransmitter)
Endocrine reflex : chemical ( hormones)
Which one of the reflex response is fast?is long?
Nervous reflex
Endocrine reflex
Which reflex response is related zither the amount of secretes hormone in blood
Endocrine
Which reflex is related to the frequency of the nerve impulse?
Nervous reflex
What is negative feedback
If a response reverses the original stimulus
What is positive feedback
If a response enhances the original stimulus
Which feedback is the most frequent
Negative
Which modulation of a reflex response produce saliva
Anticipation
Which feedback ( positive , negative) release oxytocin during childbirth
Positive feedback
An example of negative feedback
Blood pressure
Which feedback is responsible for keeping homeostasis
Negative feedback
Which one amplifies the response
Positive feedback
Which one is initiated before the stimulus appears?
Anticipation
