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BIOL 225 > Lesson 10: Plant Reproduction Part 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 10: Plant Reproduction Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Leaf buds are:

A

Dormant apical or axillary buds that grow to produce extensions of the vegetative stem with a new set of leaves

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2
Q

Very early in their development, ____ can metamorphose into flower buds, producing reproductive shoots adorned with flowers

A

Leaf buds!

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3
Q

All parts of the flower are:

A

Highly modified leaves that began as embryonic leaves on an apical or axillary bud

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4
Q

Attaches leaves to stems:

A

petiole

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5
Q

Attaches a flower to a stem:

A

Pedicel

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6
Q

The pedicel leads to :

A

the receptacle (base of flower)

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7
Q

What forms the outermost part of the flower ?

A

Sepals

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8
Q

Describe the form of sepals

A

Sepals are generally thick and protected with a cuticle

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9
Q

Where are petals located ?

A

The petals sit above the sepals

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10
Q

What is the function of petals?

A

Function to attract pollinators.

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11
Q

Petals lack:

A

A protective cuticle

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12
Q

Why are petals a liability to plants?

A

Their lack of a protective cuticle leads to excessive water loss

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13
Q

How to plants make up for the liability that is their petals ?

A

Soon after fertilization, petals quickly abscisse.

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14
Q

The male reproductive part of the flower is:

A

The stamen

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15
Q

The stamen is where we find:

A

The anthers (that contain the pollen)

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16
Q

The filament anchors:

A

The anther to the base of the flower

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17
Q

The female reproductive part of the flower:

A

The carpel

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18
Q

The parts of the carpel include:

A

The knob-like stigma, the slender style, and a swollen base called the ovary.

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19
Q

The ovules are contained in:

A

The ovary

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20
Q

The female unit can be described as:

A

A carpel or as a simple or compound pistil

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21
Q

Once the ovules are fertilized:

A

They become the seeds and the ovary matures into a fruit

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22
Q

Simple Pistil:

A

A flower with a single or multiple unfused carpels is called a simple pistil

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23
Q

Compound Pistil:

A

The term compound pistil describes fused carpels.

While the ovaries of compound pistils are always fused, the stigmas and styles may or may not be fused

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24
Q

Within the ovary of each carpel of a compound pistil, we can find:

A

one or many ovules

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25
Q

A fruit developing from a compound pistil will feature:

A

Several isolated chambers containing one or more seeds
such fruit (ex: citrus family, bell peppers) are mature compound ovaries
Only upon cutting the fruit open can one easily observe the carpels

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26
Q

A complete flower contains:

A

All the parts of the flower: the sepals, petals, stamens and carpels

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27
Q

An incomplete flower lacks:

A

one or more of these floral organs

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28
Q

A staminate flower is a :

A

male flower

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29
Q

A staminate flower (male flower) contains only:

A

stamens

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30
Q

A carpellate flower is a:

A

female flower

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31
Q

A carpellate flower (female flower) contains only:

A

carpels

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32
Q

The only function of the staminate flower is:

A

to produce pollen and extract pollinators

33
Q

Fruits are only borne from:

A

carpellate flowers

34
Q

The function of the flower (complete or incomplete):

A

facilitate sexual reproduction

35
Q

Floral modifications increase:

A

reproductive success

36
Q

Members of the monocot and eudicot clade have:

A

smaller, bilaterally symmetrical flowers with fewer and fused parts

37
Q

Fused sepals form:

A

The Calyx

38
Q

What does the calyx do?

A

The calyx (fused sepals) can enhance protection of the ovary as well as call attention to pollinators by being brightly colored

39
Q

Nectar is a :

A

sugar-rich solution

40
Q

where is nectar stored ?

A

In glands called nectaries

41
Q

Where are the nectaries (glands that store nectar) located ?

A

At the base of the flower

42
Q

Fused petals form a :

A

corolla tube

43
Q

How does the corolla tube promote the transfer of pollen?

A

The corolla tube forces the pollinators into a narrow passage to get to the nectar while making intimate contact with the pollen on the anthers

44
Q

What is a pitfall of the corolla tube although it promotes transfer of pollen?

A

conceals the nectaries

45
Q

what has evolved in many insect-pollinated flowers to signal the location of the nectar?

A

nectar guides

46
Q

Describe the form and function of the nectar spur

A

the spur is a narrow elongation of the petals or sepals that serves to store nectar and protect it from evaporation and nectar robbers - only insects with specialized mouth parts can reach it.
The nectar spur therefore helps to cultivate a tighter relationship between a plant and its pollinator

47
Q

What is inflorescence

A

An inflorescence is the tight clustering of many small flowers

48
Q

What is inflorescence

A

Tight clustering of many small flowers

49
Q

What is a disk floret?

A

In some types of inflorescence, each tiny flower is called a disk floret. Each disk floret is a complete flower.
Surrounding the disk florets are ray florets that resemble petals

50
Q

What are the advantages of inflorescence (2) ?

A

Benefit to pollinator: hovering over flowers comes with a high metabolic cost, pollinators visiting inflorescenses are able to walk from flower to flower as they exctract the nectar.
Benefit to the plant: increase in handling time leading to greater pollen transfer

51
Q

what is a famous feature of all members of composite flower family ?

A

inflorescence

52
Q

What are the two most successful angiosperm families?

A

orchids and composites

53
Q

What is a famous feature of all members of the orchid family?

A

Their nectar spurs

54
Q

In seed plants, the male gametophyte develop from:

A

Microsporangia

55
Q

The female gametophytes develop from:

A

WITHIN Megasporangia

56
Q

What do the anthers of flowering plants contain?

A

Four microsporangia, also referred to as pollen sacs

57
Q

What are contained with the pollen sacs?

A

Diploid cells called microsporocytes.

58
Q

The microsporocytes (diploid cells) produce what.

A

These diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce four haploid cells called microspores.

59
Q

Each microspore will undergoa single round of mitosis to produce two cells:

A

The generative cell and tube cell –> these two cells make up the whole of the male gametophyte

60
Q

The entire male gametophyte is protected by:

A

A rigid outer covering rich in both sporopollenin and protein

61
Q

What is sporopollenin?

A

Is the durable polymer that renders the pollen grain virtually indestructible protecting the male genetic material

62
Q

The proteins on the surface of pollen grains work in:

A

Pollen-pistil recognition

63
Q

What percent of the pollen grain is made up of proteins?

A

61%

64
Q

What happens if soils are nitrogen deficient?

A

The plant will remain in a vegetative phase, unable to pursue sexual production because of the nitrogen costs of pollen

65
Q

The female gametophyte in angiosperms develops from:

A

a single diploid megasporocyte that undergoes meiosis

66
Q

what happens to the three other resulting haploid cells (aside from the megaspore)

A

they degenerate –>only the megaspore survives

67
Q

The megaspore undergoes how many rounds of mitosis to form the female gametophyte?

A

Three rounds

68
Q

In most angiosperms, the female gametophyte consists of :

A

one egg cell, two synergid cells flanking the egg cell, three antipodal cells at the opposite end from the egg cell, and two centrally located polar nuclei

69
Q

What develops into the seed coat upon successful fertilization of the egg cell (in female gametophytes)

A

The female gametophyte is enclosed by two integuments which - upon successful fertilization of the egg cell - will develop into the seed coat

70
Q

The entire structure along with the integuments, prior to fertilization is called:

A

the ovule

71
Q

To enable the easy passage of the tube cell, the style contains:

A

only loosely populated parenchy cells

72
Q

When reaching the ovule, two sperm cells emerge out and enter into the ovule via:

A

an opening called the micropyle

73
Q

Once the two sperms enter the ovule via the micropyle what happens?

A

One of the sperm cells will fertilize the egg to produce the zygote
The other sperm cell will fuse with the polar nuclei to form a triploid cell

74
Q

Once double fertilization occurs, we refer to the ovule as:

A

a seed

75
Q

What are the two important scar tissues on every seed?

A
  1. One is from the micropyle where the sperm gained entry into the female gametophyte
    2.The other is the hilum scar derived from the funiculus that attached the ovule to the ovary wall
76
Q

Within the funiculus is where we would find:

A

The vascular tissue that delivers nutrients to the developping seed

77
Q

Which of the two important scars on the seed is bigger?

A

Once the seed detaches from the funiculus, a scar, much bigger than the one formed by the micropyle, develops.

78
Q

Through which two entry points can water be imbibed to trigger the germination of the seed?

A

The hilum and micropyle

79
Q

The plant embryo will eventually emerge out from:

A

one of the two openings (hilum and micropyle)

BIOL 225 (3 decks)

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