Lesson 10- Modern Evolutionary Classification Flashcards
(Blank) is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Phylogeny
Biologists currently group organisms into categories that represent (sentence blank), or phylogeny, not just physical similarities.
The strategy of grouping organisms is based on evolutionary history and is called (blank) (blank).
lines of evolutionary descent,
evolutionary classification
The higher the level of the (blank), the further back in time is the common ancestor of all the organisms in the taxon.
Organisms that appear very similar may not share a recent common ancestor.
taxon
Different Methods of Classification
• CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITY
• Cladogram
Classification Using Cladograms
Many biologists now use a method called (blank) (blank).
Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members are called (blank) (blank)
cladistic analysis, derived characters.
Derived characters can be used to construct a (blank), a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms
cladogram
A cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships between (blank), (blank), and (blank).
crabs, barnacles, and limpets.
Similarities in DNA and RNA
The genes of many organisms show important similarities at the (blank) (blank).
Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine (blank) and (blank) (blank).
molecular level, classification, evolutionary relationships
The more similar the DNA of two species, the more recently they shared a common ancestor, and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms.
Dna Evidence
Example of DNA Evidence
DNA sequence comparison of the X and Y amelogenin gene fragments of sheep and European red deer.
A (blank) (blank) uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently.
molecular clock
Systems of classification adapt to new discoveries.
(Blank) classified organisms into two kingdoms- (blank) and (blank).
Linnaeus, animals and plants.
Five Kingdoms
Scientists realized there were enough differences among organisms to make 5 kingdoms:
• Monera
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia
The six-kingdom system of classification includes:
• Eubacteria
• Archaebacteria
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia
Introduced
1700’s
Plantae, Animalia
Introduced
Late 1800’s
Protists, Plantae, Animalia
Introduced in
1950’s
Monera, Protists, Plantae, Animalia
Introduced in
1990’s
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protists, Plantae, Animalia
The Three-Domain System
Molecular analyses have given rise to a new taxonomic category that is now recognized by many scientists.
The (blank) is a more inclusive category than any other (sentence blank)
domain, larger than a kingdom
The three domains are:
Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea
The three domains are:
• Eukarya, which is composed of (blank), (blank), (blank), and (blank).
•Bacteria, which corresponds to the kingdom (blank).
• Archaea, which corresponds to the kingdom (blank).
Protist, fungi, plants, and animals,
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Domain Bacteria
Members of the domain Bacteria are (blank) (blank).
Their cells have thick, rigid cell walls that surround a cell membrane.
Their cell walls contain (blank)
unicellular prokaryotes, peptidoglycan
Domain Archaea
Members of the domain Archaea are (blank) (blank).
Many live in extreme environments.
Their cell walls (blank) (blank), and their cell membranes contain (blank) (blank) not found in any other organism.
unicellular prokaryotes, lack peptidoglycan, unusual lipids
Domain Eukarya
The domain Eukarya consists of organisms that have a (blank).
This domain is organized into four kingdoms:
• Protista
• Fungi
•Plantae
• Animalia
nucleus,
• Protista
• Fungi
•Plantae
• Animalia
The kingdom (blank) is composed of eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi.
Its members display the greatest variety.
They can be unicellular or (blank); photosynthetic or (blank); and can share characteristics with plants, fungi, or animals
Protista, multicellular, heterotrophic
Members of the kingdom (blank) are heterotrophs.
Most fungi feed on dead or decaying organic matter by (blank) (blank) (blank) into it and absorbing small food molecules into their bodies.
They can be either multicellular (blank) or unicellular (blank).
Fungi, secreting digestive enzymes, mushrooms, yeasts
Members of the kingdom Plantae are multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs.
Plants are (blank)-they cannot move from place to place.
Plants have cell walls that contain (blank)
Plantae, nonmotile, cellulose
Members of the kingdom (blank) are (blank) and (blank).
The cells of animals do not have cell walls.
There is great diversity within the animal kingdom, and many species exist in nearly every part of the planet.
Animalia, multicellular and heterotrophic
