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Intro to Biochemistry > Lesson 1: The Cell > Flashcards

Lesson 1: The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

THE CELL
TRUE or FALSE: Most cells are too small to see without a microscope.

A

TRUE

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2
Q

THE CELL
What range of microscopic cells can an electron microscope see?

A
  • Proteins
  • Viruses
  • Most Bacteria and Archaea
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3
Q

THE CELL
What range of microscopic cells can a light microscope see?

A
  • Viruses
  • Most Bacteria and Archaea
  • Most Plant Cells
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4
Q

THE CELL
TRUE or FALSE: The human eye alone can perceive cells such as plant and animal cells.

A

FALSE

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5
Q

CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
Robert Hooke first observed the appearance of a cork slice’s tiny, hollow roomlike structures in the year ____.

A

1665

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6
Q

CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
In 1665, this English scientist used a compound microscope on a slice of cork and observed tiny, hollow, roomlike structures.

A

Robert Hooke

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7
Q

CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
TRUE or FALSE: Robert Hooke only saw the outer walls (cell walls) of cork because cork cells are alive.

A

FALSE, cork cells are not alive.

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8
Q

CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
These Dutch lens grinders produced the first compound microscope.

A

Hans and Zacharias Janssen

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9
Q

CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
Robert Hooke discovered the outer walls of cork using a compound microscope — an invention first made by whom?

A

Hans and Zacharias Jenssen

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10
Q

CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
A Dutch fabric merchant who looked at blood, rainwater, and teeth scrapings through a simple microscope.

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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11
Q

CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
Amateur scientist Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed two things from using a simple microscope on blood, rainwater and teeth scrapings. These were…?

A
  • Living Cells
  • “Animalcules”
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12
Q

CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
A German botanist who viewed plant parts under a microscope.

A

Matthias Schleiden

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13
Q

CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
In the year ____ Matthias Schleiden discovered that plant parts are made of cells.

A

1838

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14
Q

CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
A German zoologist that viewed animal parts under a microscope.

A

Theodor Schwann

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15
Q

CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
In the year _____, Theodor Schwann discovered that animal parts are made of cells.

A

1839

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16
Q

CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
A German physician who stated that all living cells come only from other living cells.

A

Rudolph Virchow

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17
Q

CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
In what year did Rudolph Virchow, a German physician, make his claim that living cells could only come from other living cells??

A

1855

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18
Q

CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
ENUMERATION: State the profession of the following Germans and the years in which they made their discoveries/claims.

  • Matthias Schleiden
  • Theodor Schwann
  • Rudolph Virchow
A
  • Matthias Schleiden (Botanist | 1838)
  • Theodor Schwann (Zoologist | 1839)
  • Rudolph Virchow (Physician | 1855)
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19
Q

CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
RECALL: What were the discoveries/claims of Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann and Rudolph Virchow respectively?

A
  • Matthias Schleiden: All plant parts are made of cells
  • Theodor Schwann: All animal parts are made of cells
  • Rudolph Virchow: All living cells come from other living cells.
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20
Q

THE CELL
What are the structural and functional units of all living organisms?

A

Cells

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21
Q

THE CELL
Plant tissues divided into tiny compartments were called ______ by Robert Hooke in 1665.

A

cellulae

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22
Q

THE CELL
All organisms exist as either single cells or aggregate of cells as stated by _______ in 1840.

A

Theodor Schwann

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23
Q

THE CELL
Which scientist observed that plant tissues were divided into tiny compartments?

A

Robert Hooke

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24
Q

THE CELL
All organisms exist as either _____ _____ or _______ __ ____ as stated by Theodor Schwann in 1840.

A

Single Cells or Aggregate of Cells

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25
Q

CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
RECALL: What were the significant discoveries, claims or creations of the following individuals?

1) Robert Hooke (1665)
2) Hans and Zacharias Janssen
3) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
4) Matthias Schleiden (1838)
5) Theodor Schwann (1839)
6) Theodor Schwann (1840)
7) Rudolph Virchow (1855)

A
  • 1) Plant tissues were divided into tiny compartments called cellulae
  • 2) Creation of the compound microscope
  • 3) Observed living cells and “animalcules”
  • 4) Plant parts are made of cells
  • 5) Animal parts are made of cells
  • 6) All organisms exist as either single cells or aggregate of cells
  • 7) Living cells come only from other living cells
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26
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS
TRUE or FALSE: Prokaryotes contain a nucleus.

A

FALSE, Eukaryotes do.

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27
Q

CELL TYPES
Of the two domains under Prokaryotes, which one has a membrane chemistry of nonfatty acid lipids?

A

Domain Archaea

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28
Q

CELL TYPES
What are the three domains of life?

A
  • Domain Bacteria
  • Domain Archaea
  • Domain Eukarya
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29
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS
TRUE or FALSE: Prokaryotes contain membrane-bounded organelles.

A

FALSE

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30
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS: EUKARYOTE or PROKARYOTE?
Has a primitive, versatile and unicellular form.

A

Prokaryote

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31
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS: EUKARYOTE or PROKARYOTE?
Can be both unicellular and multicellular.

A

Eukaryote

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32
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS: EUKARYOTE or PROKARYOTE?
Can be easily cultured in the lab.

A

Prokaryote

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33
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS: EUKARYOTE or PROKARYOTE?
Much larger in size with a 2000:1 volume ratio.

A

Eukaryote

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34
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS: EUKARYOTE or PROKARYOTE?
Has a nucleus.

A

Eukaryote

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35
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS: EUKARYOTE or PROKARYOTE?
Examples:
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

A

Prokaryote

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36
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS: EUKARYOTE or PROKARYOTE?
Examples:
- Protists
- Fungi
- Plants
- Animals

A

Eukaryote

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37
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS | PROKARYOTES
What are a prokaryote’s three common shapes?

A
  • Spherical (cocci)
  • Rod-shaped (bacilli)
  • Spiral
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38
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS | PROKARYOTES
Many under this domain are called extremophiles.

A

Archaea (Archaeabacteria)

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39
Q

PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN ARCHAEA
Sulfolobus acidocaldaries. Acid loving microbes found in sulfur springs [pH < 5].

A

Acidophiles

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40
Q

PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN ARCHAEA
Natranobacterium gregoryi. Live in soda lakes [pH > 9]

A

Alkalophiles

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41
Q

PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN ARCHAEA
Halferax volcanii. Salt loving; live in the Dead Sea & Great Salt Lake.

A

Halophiles

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42
Q

PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN ARCHAEA
Methanococcus; convert CO2 to Methane.
[CO2 + H2 = CH4]

A

Methanogens

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43
Q

PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN ARCHAEA
Polaromonas vacuolata. Cold loving; live in the Antarctic ice & seas.

A

Psychrophiles

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44
Q

PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN ARCHAEA
Heat loving; live in acid hot springs and in deep ocean geysers.

A

Thermophiles

45
Q

PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN BACTERIA
Several eubacteria are __________, and may cause diseases.

A

Pathogenic

46
Q

PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN BACTERIA
The bacteria Bacillus anthracis may cause…?

A

Anthrax

47
Q

PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN BACTERIA
The bacteria Clostridium botulinum may cause…?

A

Botulism

48
Q

PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN BACTERIA
The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus may cause…?

A
  • Sepsis
  • Endocarditis
  • Nosocomial (hospital-borne) Infections
49
Q

PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN BACTERIA
The bacteria Salmonella may cause…?

A
  • Food Poisoning
  • Typhoid
50
Q

PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN BACTERIA
TRUE or FALSE: Many eubacteria be made into antibiotics.

A

TRUE

51
Q

PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN BACTERIA
The bacteria Streptomyces may be used to make…?

A
  • Streptomycin
  • Tetracycline
  • Erythromycin
52
Q

PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN BACTERIA
In what year was streptomycin made?

A

1943

53
Q

PROKARYOTES | DOMAIN BACTERIA
A photosynthetic eubacteria formerly called blue-green algae.

A

Cyanobacteria

54
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS | STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
EUKARYOTES or PROKARYOTES?
Have a greater specialization and complexity in structure and functioning.

A

Eukaryotes

55
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS | STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
EUKARYOTES or PROKARYOTES?
Are spatially closely related.

A

Prokaryotes

56
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS | STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
EUKARYOTES or PROKARYOTES?
Their metabolic functions are organized in a simpler fashion.

A

Prokaryotes

57
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS | STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
EUKARYOTES or PROKARYOTES?
Are structured into compartments.

A

Eukaryotes

58
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS | GENETIC INFORMATION
EUKARYOTES or PROKARYOTES?
These have a very long linear DNA.

A

Eukaryotes

59
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS | GENETIC INFORMATION
EUKARYOTES or PROKARYOTES?
DNA is ring-shaped.

A

Prokaryotes

60
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS | GENETIC INFORMATION
EUKARYOTES or PROKARYOTES?
These do not have introns.

A

Prokaryotes

61
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS | GENETIC INFORMATION
For prokaryotes, genetic information is located in the…?

A

Cytoplasm

62
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS | GENETIC INFORMATION
For eukaryotes, genetic information is located in the…?

A

Nucleus

63
Q

UNIVERSAL FEATURES of LIVING CELLS
All cells contain three things, namely…?

A
  • Nucleus or Nucleoid Region
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
64
Q

FEATURES OF THE CELL | PROKARYOTES
Prokaryotic cells have only a _____ membrane.

A

single

65
Q

FEATURES OF THE CELL | PROKARYOTES
They do not have a nucleus nor organelles but they do possess a distinct nuclear area called the…?

A

Nucleoid

66
Q

FEATURES OF THE CELL | PROKARYOTES
Prokaryotic cells have r_______.

A

Ribosomes

67
Q

FEATURES OF THE CELL | PROKARYOTES
TRUE or FALSE: Prokaryotes have a cytoskeleton.

A

FALSE, they do not.

68
Q

FEATURES OF THE CELL | PROKARYOTES
The surface of a prokaryotic cell may carry ____ and ________.

A
  • pili
  • flagella
69
Q

PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | PROKARYOTES
These are attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes.

A

Fimbriae/Pili

70
Q

PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | PROKARYOTES
The region where the cell’s DNA is located.

A

Nucleoid

71
Q

PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | PROKARYOTES
An extrachromosomal piece of circular DNA.

A

Plasmid

72
Q

PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | PROKARYOTES
These are complexes that synthesize proteins.

A

Ribosomes

73
Q

PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | PROKARYOTES
This part encloses the cytoplasm.

A

Plasma Membrane

74
Q

PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | PROKARYOTES
This is the rigid structure found outside the plasma membrane.

A

Cell Wall

75
Q

PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | PROKARYOTES
The jellylike outer coating of many prokaryotes.

A

Capsule

76
Q

PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | PROKARYOTES
A locomotory organelle.

A

Flagella

77
Q

PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | PROKARYOTES
These two are hair-like projections whose main functions are movement.

A

Cilia & Flagella

78
Q

CILIA & FLAGELLA
The motion of _____ is a back and forth motion.

A

Cilia

79
Q

CILIA & FLAGELLA
The motion of ______ is an undulating or snakelike motion.

A

Flagella

80
Q

CELL STRUCTURE | PROKARYOTES
Enumerate the 8 parts of a Prokaryotic Cell and their functions.

A
  • 1) Fimbriae/Pili: Attachment strcutures on the surface of some prokaryotes.
  • 2) Nucleoid: Region where the cell’s DNA is located.
  • 3) Plasmid: Extrachromosomal piece of circular DNA.
  • 4) Ribosomes: Complexes that synthesize proteins.
  • 5) Plasma Membrane: Encloses the cytoplasm.
  • 6) Cell Wall: Rigid structure outside plasma membrane.
  • 7) Capsule: Jellylike outer coating of many prokaryotes.
  • 8) Flagella: Locomotory Organelle
81
Q

FEATURES OF THE CELL | EUKARYOTES
Eukaryotic cells are enclosed by a ______ _______.

A

Plasma Membrane

82
Q

FEATURES OF THE CELL | EUKARYOTES
A phospholipid bilayer with proteins that separates the cell from the surrounding environment and functions as a selective barrier for the import and export of materials.

A

Plasma Membrane

83
Q

FEATURES OF THE CELL | EUKARYOTES
What is the advantage of having membrane-enclosed compartments?

A

The separation of incompatible chemical and physical conditions.

84
Q

FEATURES OF THE CELL | EUKARYOTES
The large space containing numerous components in solution.

A

Cytoplasm

85
Q

FEATURES OF THE CELL | EUKARYOTES
Well defined compartments inside the cell that are dedicated to important cellular tasks.

A

Organelles

86
Q

PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | EUKARYOTES
The water solution (salts and organic molecules) where organelles are suspended.

A

Cytosol

87
Q

PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | EUKARYOTES
The largest organelle; contains the genetic material of the cell and is the site of DNA and RNA biosynthesis.

A

Nucleus

88
Q

PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | EUKARYOTES
A closed network of shallow sacs and tubules linked with the outer membrance of the nucleus; processes and transports proteins.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes

89
Q

PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | EUKARYOTES
Resembles a bundle of layered slices; sorts and transports molecules for export.

A

Golgi Apparatus

90
Q

PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | EUKARYOTES
Bubble-shaped compartments that are involved in the exchange of substances between the cell and its surroundings.

A

Endosomes

91
Q

PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | EUKARYOTES
Double membrane-bound organelle; site for cellular respiration.
(AKA the powerhouse of the cell)

A

Mitochondria

92
Q

PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | EUKARYOTES
Small, globular organelle; contains hydrolytic digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion.

A

Lysosomes

93
Q

LYSOSOMES
The process wherein the Lysosome digests food using active hydrolytic enzymes.

A

Phagocytosis

94
Q

LYSOSOMES
The process wherein the Lysosome breaks down damaged organelles.

A

Autophagy

95
Q

PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | EUKARYOTES
Smaller than a lysosome; contains oxidative enzymes and destroys peroxides.

A

Peroxisomes

96
Q

PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS | EUKARYOTES
Framework of proteins; determines the shape of cells and gives it its ability to move.

A

Cytoskeleton

97
Q

CYTOSKELETON | STRUCTURE
The thickestof the three structures. It’s composed of hollow tubes - walls consisting of tubulin molecules.

A

Microtubules

98
Q

CYTOSKELETON | STRUCTURE
The thinnest of the three structures. It’s composed of two intertwined strands of actin.

A

Actin Filaments (or Microfilaments)

99
Q

CYTOSKELETON | STRUCTURE
Composed of supercoiled fibrous proteins.

A

Intermediate Filaments

100
Q

CYTOSKELETON | FUNCTION
This structure is responsible for the anchorage of the nucleus and certain other organelles, as well as the formation of nuclear lamina.

A

Intermediate Filaments

101
Q

CYTOSKELETON | FUNCTION
This structure is responsible for muscle contraction and cytoplasmic streaming.

A

Actin Filaments (or Microfilaments)

102
Q

CYTOSKELETON | FUNCTION
This structure is responsible for the maintenance of cell shape and cell motility.

A

Microtubules

( Motility: ability of an organism to move independently using metabolic energy )

103
Q

UNIQUE PLANT CELL PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Where photosynthesis takes place.

A

Plastids (Choloroplasts)

104
Q

UNIQUE PLANT CELL PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Membrane bound part found in the cytoplasm. Serves as a reservoir for food and waste products.

A

Vacuole

105
Q

UNIQUE PLANT CELL PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
This is composed of polysaccharides and proteins and is a rigid support structure surrounding plant cells that provides protection against osmotic or mechanical rupture.

A

Cell Wall

106
Q

PARTS OF THE CELL | ANIMAL vs PLANT CELLS
These three parts can be found in animal cells but not in plant cells.

A
  • Lysosomes
  • Centrioles
  • Flagella (though can be found in some plant sperm)
107
Q

PARTS OF THE CELL | ANIMAL vs PLANT CELLS
These four parts can be found in plant cells but not in animal cells.

A
  • Chloroplasts
  • Cental Vacuole & Tonoplast
  • Cell Wall
  • Plasmodesmata
108
Q

UNIQUE ANIMAL CELL PARTS | STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
This is composed mainly of proteins called tubulin and functions by helping in cell division and in the formation of the centrosome, cilia & flagella.

A

Centrioles

Intro to Biochemistry (1 decks)

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