Lesson 1 (MIDTERMS) Flashcards
The blood vessels of the body form a network more complex than an interstate highway system.
Circulatory System
Enumerate 5 functions of circulatory system
- Carries blood
- Exchanges nutrients, waste products, and gases with tissues
- Transports substances
- Helps regulate blood pressure
- Directs blood flow to the tissues
Functions of circulatory system. Blood vessels carry blood from the heart to all the tissues of the body and back to the heart.
Carries Blood
Nutrients and O2 diffuse from blood vessels to cells in essentially all areas of the body.
Exchanges Nutrients, Waste Products, and Gases with Tissues
Functions of circulatory system. Blood transports hormones, components of the immune system, molecules required for coagulation, enzymes, nutrients, gases, waste products, and other substances to and from all areas of the body.
Transports Substances
Functions of circulatory system. The circulatory system and the heart work together to regulate blood pressure within a normal range.
Helps Regulate Blood Pressure
Functions of circulatory system. The circulatory system directs blood to tissues when increased blood flow is required to maintain homeostasis.
Directs Blood Flow to the Tissues
The highest, normal blood pressure reading _____
120 (diastolic) /80 (systolic)
- Carry blood away from the heart.
- Usually, the blood is oxygenated (oxygen-rich).
- Blood is pumped from the ventricles of the heart into large, and elastic arteries.
- As they become smaller, the artery walls undergo a gradual transition from having more elastic tissue than smooth muscle to having more smooth muscle than elastic tissue
Arteries
- Diameter arteries and have the thickest walls.
- Greater proportion of their walls is composed of elastic tissue, and a smaller proportion is smooth muscle.
- The aorta and pulmonary trunk are examples of _____.
Elastic Arteries
- Medium-sized and small arteries
- Walls of medium-sized arteries are relatively thick compared to their diameter
- Most of the wall’s thickness results from smooth muscle cells of the tunica media
Muscular Arteries
- Contraction of the smooth muscle in blood vessels
- Decreases blood vessel diameter and blood flow
Vasoconstriction
- Relaxation of the smooth muscle in blood vessels
- Increases blood vessel diameter and blood flow.
Vasodilation
- Transport blood from small arteries to capillaries
- The smallest arteries in which the three tunics can be identified.
- The tunica media of ____ consists of only one or two layers of circular smooth muscle cells.
Arterioles
- Where blood flows from the arterioles
- Where exchange of substances such as O2, CO2, nutrients, and other waste products occurs between the blood and the tissue fluid.
Capillaries
- Where blood flows from the capillaries
- Carry blood toward the heart
- Usually, the blood is deoxygenated (oxygen-poor).
- Compared to arteries, the walls of ____ are thinner and contain less elastic tissue and fewer smooth muscle cells
Veins
- Have a diameter slightly larger than that of capillaries and are composed of endothelium resting on a delicate connective tissue layer
Venules
- Small veins are slightly larger in diameter than venules.
- Medium-sized veins collect blood from small veins and deliver it to large veins
Small and Medium Veins
- Veins that have diameters greater than 2 mm contain valves, which ensure that blood flows toward the heart but not in the opposite direction
Large Veins
System of blood vessels that carries blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart.
Pulmonary Circulation
System of blood vessels that carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the tissues of the body and back to the right atrium.
Systemic Circulation
Where the arteries of the systemic circulation branch directly or indirectly.
Aorta
- Part of the aorta that passes superiorly from the left ventricle.
- The right and left coronary arteries arise from the base of the ________ and supply blood to the heart
Ascending Aorta
Aortic Arch. Enumerate 3 major arteries, which carry blood to the head and upper limbs that originate from the aortic arch:
- Brachiocephalic Artery
- Left Common Carotid Artery
- Left Subclavian Artery
- Longest part of the aorta
- It extends through the thorax and abdomen to the upper margin of the pelvis.
Descending Arch
- Localized dilation of an artery that usually develops in response to trauma or a congenital weakness of the artery wall.
- Rupture of a large aneurysm in the aorta is almost always fatal, and rupture of an aneurysm in an artery of the brain causes massive damage to brain tissue and even death.
Arterial Aneurysm
Enumerate the arteries of the head and neck
- Brachiocephalic artery
- Right common carotid
- Right subclavian artery
- Internal carotid arteries
- External carotid artery
- Vertebral artery
- Basilar artery
Arteries of the head and neck.
- First vessel to branch from the aortic arch
- Only on the right side of the body
Brachiocephalic Artery
Arteries of the head and neck.
- At the level of the clavicle
- Transports blood to the right side of the head and neck
Right Common Carotid
Arteries of the head and neck.
- Which transports blood to the right upper limb
Right Subclavian Artery
Arteries of the head and neck.
- Base of each ____ is slightly dilated to form a carotid sinus, which contains structures important in monitoring blood pressure.
- It passes through the carotid canals and contribute to the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) at the base of the brain
Internal Carotid Arteries
Arteries of the head and neck.
- Supply blood the structures of the neck, face, nose, and mouth
External Carotid Artery
Arteries of the head and neck.
- Branch from the subclavian arteries and pass to the head through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae.
- Supply blood to the spinal cord, as well as to the vertebrae, muscles, and ligaments in the neck
Vertebral Artery
Arteries of the head and neck.
- Where the vertebral arteries unite
- Along the anterior, inferior surface of the brainstem
- Supply blood to the pons, cerebellum, and midbrain.
- It also forms right and left branches that contribute to the cerebral arterial circle.
Basilar Artery
Enumerate the arteries of the upper limbs
- Axillary artery
- Brachial artery
- ulnar and radial artery
Arteries of the upper limbs.
- Subclavian artery, located deep to the clavicle
Axillary Artery
Arteries of the upper limbs.
- Axillary artery extends into the arm
- Blood pressure measurements are normally taken from the brachial artery
Brachial Artery
Arteries of the upper limbs.
- Which supply blood to the forearm and hand
- The radial artery is the one most used for taking a pulse.
- The pulse can be detected easily on the thumb (radial) side of the anterior surface of the wrist
Ulnar and Radial Artery
Enumerate the thoracic aorta and branches
- Visceral artery
- Parietal artery
- Posterior intercostal artery
- Superior phrenic artery
- Internal thoracic arteries
- Anterior intercostal arteries
Thoracic aorta and branches.
- Supply the thoracic organs
* Esophagus
* Trachea
* Parietal pericardium
* Part of the lung
Visceral Artery
Thoracic aorta and branches.
- Supply the thoracic wall
Parietal Artery
Thoracic aorta and branches.
- Which arise from the thoracic aorta and extend between the ribs
Posterior Intercostal Artery
Thoracic aorta and branches.
- Supply blood to the diaphragm
Superior Phrenic Artery
Thoracic aorta and branches.
- Branches of the subclavian arteries
Internal Thoracic Arteries
Thoracic aorta and branches.
- Extend between the ribs to supply the anterior chest wall
Anterior Intercostal Arteries
Enumerate abdominal aorta and branches
- Unpaired visceral arteries: Celiac trunk
- Unpaired visceral arteries: Superior mesenteric artery
- Unpaired visceral arteries: inferior mesenteric artery
- Paired visceral arteries: Renal artery
- Paired visceral arteries: Suprarenal artery
- Paired visceral arteries: Testicular and ovarian artery
Abdominal aorta and branches.
- Supplies blood to the stomach, pancreas, spleen, upper duodenum, and liver
Unpaired Visceral Arteries: Celiac Trunk
Abdominal aorta and branches.
- Supplies blood to the small intestine and the upper portion of the large intestine
Unpaired Visceral Arteries: Superior Mesenteric Artery
Abdominal aorta and branches.
- Supplies blood to the remainder of the large intestine
Unpaired Visceral Arteries: Inferior Mesenteric Artery
Abdominal aorta and branches.
- Supplies blood to the kidneys
Paired Visceral Arteries: Renal Artery
Abdominal aorta and branches.
- Supplies blood to the adrenal glands
Paired Visceral Arteries: Suprarenal Artery
Enumerate arteries of the pelvis
- Abdominal aorta
- External iliac artery
- Internal iliac artery
Arteries of the pelvis.
- Divides at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra into two common iliac arteries
Abdominal Aorta
Arteries of the pelvis.
- Enters the lower limb
External Iliac Artery
Arteries of the pelvis.
- Enters the pelvic area
Internal Iliac Artery
Enumerate the arteries of the lower limbs
- Femoral artery
- Popliteal artery
- Anterior tibial artery
- Dorsalis pedis artery
- Posterior tibial artery
- Fibular artery
Arteries of the lower limbs.
- Extends along the thighs
Femoral Artery
Arteries of the lower limbs.
- In the popliteal space
- In the posterior region of the knee
Popliteal Artery
Arteries of the lower limbs.
- At the ankle
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
Arteries of the lower limbs.
- Supplies the lateral leg and foot
Fibular Artery
Veins. Returns blood from the head, neck, thorax, and upper limbs to the right atrium of the heart
Superior Vena Cava
Veins. Returns blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs to the right atrium
Inferior Vena Cava
Enumerate veins of the head and neck.
- External jugular vein
- Internal jugular vein
Veins of the head and neck.
- More superficial
- Carry blood from the posterior head and neck, emptying primarily into the subclavian veins
External Jugular Vein
Veins of the head and neck.
- Much larger and deeper
- Carry blood from the brain and the anterior head, face, and neck
Internal Jugular Vein
Enumerate the veins of the upper limbs.
- Deep vein
- Brachial veins
- Superficial veins
- superficial veins: Cephalic veins
- Superior veins: Median cubital veins
- Cubital fossa
Veins of the upper limbs.
- Carry blood from the deep structures of the upper limbs, follow the same course as the arteries and are named for their respective arteries
Deep Veins
Veins of the upper limbs.
- Which accompany the brachial artery and empty into the axillary vein
Brachial Veins
Veins of the upper limbs.
- Carry blood from the superficial structures of the upper limbs and then empty into the deep veins
Superficial Veins
Veins of the upper limbs.
- which empties into the axillary vein, and the basilic vein
Superficial Veins: Cephalic Veins
Veins of the upper limbs.
- Connects the cephalic vein or its tributaries with the basilic vein
- It is usually quite prominent on the anterior surface of the upper limb at the level of the elbow.
Superficial Veins: Median Cubital Veins
Veins of the upper limbs.
- often used as a site for drawing blood
Cubital Fossa
Veins of the thorax. Enumerate three major veins return blood from the thorax to the superior vena cava.
- Right brachiocephalic veins
- Left brachiocephalic veins
- Azygos vein
Veins of the abdomen and pelvis. Enumerate blood from the capillaries within most of the abdominal viscera
- Stomach
- Intestines
- Pancreas
- Spleen
Drains through a specialized portal system to the liver.
Spleen
Enumerate the veins of the abdomen and pelvis.
- Portal system
- Hepatic portal system
- Splenic vein
- Superior mesenteric vein
- Inferior mesenteric vein
- Hepatic veins
- Renal veins
- Suprarenal veins
- Testicular and ovarian veins
Veins of the abdomen and pelvis.
- System of blood vessels that begins and ends with capillary beds and has no pumping mechanism, such as the heart, in between.
Portal System
Veins of the abdomen and pelvis.
- Begins with capillaries in the viscera and ends with capillaries in the liver.
Hepatic Portal System
Veins of the abdomen and pelvis.
- The major vessels of the hepatic portal system:
- Carries blood from the spleen and pancreas
Splenic Vein
Veins of the abdomen and pelvis.
- The major vessels of the hepatic portal system:
- Carry blood from the intestines
Superior Mesenteric Vein
Veins of the abdomen and pelvis.
- The major vessels of the hepatic portal system:
- Empties into the splenic vein
- Carry blood from the intestines
Inferior Mesenteric Vein
Veins of the abdomen and pelvis.
- Blood from the liver flows into ____, which join the inferior vena cava
Hepatic Veins
Veins of the abdomen and pelvis.
- Carry blood from the kidneys
Renal Veins
Veins of the abdomen and pelvis.
- Drain the adrenal glands
Suprarenal Veins
Enumerate the veins of the lower limbs.
- Deep veins
- Superficial veins: Great Saphenous veins
- Superficial veins: Small saphenous vein
Veins of the lower limbs.
- Follow the same path as the arteries and are named for the arteries they accompany.
Deep Veins
Veins of the lower limbs.
- Originates over the dorsal and medial side of the foot and ascends along the medial side of the leg and thigh to empty into the femoral vein
- Longest vein in the body
Superficial Veins: Great Saphenous Vein
Veins of the lower limbs.
- Begins over the lateral side of the foot and joins the popliteal vein, which becomes the femoral vein.
Superficial Veins: Small Saphenous Vein
