Lesson 1 (MIDTERMS) Flashcards
The blood vessels of the body form a network more complex than an interstate highway system.
Circulatory System
Enumerate 5 functions of circulatory system
- Carries blood
- Exchanges nutrients, waste products, and gases with tissues
- Transports substances
- Helps regulate blood pressure
- Directs blood flow to the tissues
Functions of circulatory system. Blood vessels carry blood from the heart to all the tissues of the body and back to the heart.
Carries Blood
Nutrients and O2 diffuse from blood vessels to cells in essentially all areas of the body.
Exchanges Nutrients, Waste Products, and Gases with Tissues
Functions of circulatory system. Blood transports hormones, components of the immune system, molecules required for coagulation, enzymes, nutrients, gases, waste products, and other substances to and from all areas of the body.
Transports Substances
Functions of circulatory system. The circulatory system and the heart work together to regulate blood pressure within a normal range.
Helps Regulate Blood Pressure
Functions of circulatory system. The circulatory system directs blood to tissues when increased blood flow is required to maintain homeostasis.
Directs Blood Flow to the Tissues
The highest, normal blood pressure reading _____
120 (diastolic) /80 (systolic)
- Carry blood away from the heart.
- Usually, the blood is oxygenated (oxygen-rich).
- Blood is pumped from the ventricles of the heart into large, and elastic arteries.
- As they become smaller, the artery walls undergo a gradual transition from having more elastic tissue than smooth muscle to having more smooth muscle than elastic tissue
Arteries
- Diameter arteries and have the thickest walls.
- Greater proportion of their walls is composed of elastic tissue, and a smaller proportion is smooth muscle.
- The aorta and pulmonary trunk are examples of _____.
Elastic Arteries
- Medium-sized and small arteries
- Walls of medium-sized arteries are relatively thick compared to their diameter
- Most of the wall’s thickness results from smooth muscle cells of the tunica media
Muscular Arteries
- Contraction of the smooth muscle in blood vessels
- Decreases blood vessel diameter and blood flow
Vasoconstriction
- Relaxation of the smooth muscle in blood vessels
- Increases blood vessel diameter and blood flow.
Vasodilation
- Transport blood from small arteries to capillaries
- The smallest arteries in which the three tunics can be identified.
- The tunica media of ____ consists of only one or two layers of circular smooth muscle cells.
Arterioles
- Where blood flows from the arterioles
- Where exchange of substances such as O2, CO2, nutrients, and other waste products occurs between the blood and the tissue fluid.
Capillaries
- Where blood flows from the capillaries
- Carry blood toward the heart
- Usually, the blood is deoxygenated (oxygen-poor).
- Compared to arteries, the walls of ____ are thinner and contain less elastic tissue and fewer smooth muscle cells
Veins
- Have a diameter slightly larger than that of capillaries and are composed of endothelium resting on a delicate connective tissue layer
Venules
- Small veins are slightly larger in diameter than venules.
- Medium-sized veins collect blood from small veins and deliver it to large veins
Small and Medium Veins
- Veins that have diameters greater than 2 mm contain valves, which ensure that blood flows toward the heart but not in the opposite direction
Large Veins
System of blood vessels that carries blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart.
Pulmonary Circulation
System of blood vessels that carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the tissues of the body and back to the right atrium.
Systemic Circulation
Where the arteries of the systemic circulation branch directly or indirectly.
Aorta
- Part of the aorta that passes superiorly from the left ventricle.
- The right and left coronary arteries arise from the base of the ________ and supply blood to the heart
Ascending Aorta
Aortic Arch. Enumerate 3 major arteries, which carry blood to the head and upper limbs that originate from the aortic arch:
- Brachiocephalic Artery
- Left Common Carotid Artery
- Left Subclavian Artery
- Longest part of the aorta
- It extends through the thorax and abdomen to the upper margin of the pelvis.
Descending Arch
- Localized dilation of an artery that usually develops in response to trauma or a congenital weakness of the artery wall.
- Rupture of a large aneurysm in the aorta is almost always fatal, and rupture of an aneurysm in an artery of the brain causes massive damage to brain tissue and even death.
Arterial Aneurysm
Enumerate the arteries of the head and neck
- Brachiocephalic artery
- Right common carotid
- Right subclavian artery
- Internal carotid arteries
- External carotid artery
- Vertebral artery
- Basilar artery
Arteries of the head and neck.
- First vessel to branch from the aortic arch
- Only on the right side of the body
Brachiocephalic Artery
Arteries of the head and neck.
- At the level of the clavicle
- Transports blood to the right side of the head and neck
Right Common Carotid
Arteries of the head and neck.
- Which transports blood to the right upper limb
Right Subclavian Artery
Arteries of the head and neck.
- Base of each ____ is slightly dilated to form a carotid sinus, which contains structures important in monitoring blood pressure.
- It passes through the carotid canals and contribute to the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) at the base of the brain
Internal Carotid Arteries
Arteries of the head and neck.
- Supply blood the structures of the neck, face, nose, and mouth
External Carotid Artery
Arteries of the head and neck.
- Branch from the subclavian arteries and pass to the head through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae.
- Supply blood to the spinal cord, as well as to the vertebrae, muscles, and ligaments in the neck
Vertebral Artery
Arteries of the head and neck.
- Where the vertebral arteries unite
- Along the anterior, inferior surface of the brainstem
- Supply blood to the pons, cerebellum, and midbrain.
- It also forms right and left branches that contribute to the cerebral arterial circle.
Basilar Artery
Enumerate the arteries of the upper limbs
- Axillary artery
- Brachial artery
- ulnar and radial artery