Lesson 1: Introduction to Mammography Flashcards
the most treatable cancer
breast cancer
this malignancy is most treatable when it is detected early, efforts have been directed towards developing screening and early detections methods
breast cancer
breast cancer is said to be _____ and _____
emotional; biologic
the most important innovation in breast cancer control since the radial mastectomy
mammography
year and name:
he introduced radial masectomy
1898
Halstead
primary goal of mammography
to detect breast cancer before it is palpable
the combination of _____, _____, and _____ has resulted in a steady increase in survival rates
early detection; diagnosis; treatment
year:
a group of male radiologists in Rochester, NY assembled around a view box admiring the chest x-ray of a buxom woman
their thoughts and discussions turned toward speculation about the ability to x-ray the breast to locate tumors
1924
he was the father of mammography
Robert Egan, M.D.
year and name:
while working at M.D. Anderson Hospital, he developed and refined techniques that significantly improved the effectiveness and acceptance of mammography as a tool for early detection of breast cancer
1960s
Robert Egan, M.D.
year and name:
a German physician, reported the radiographic appearance of breast cancers
1913
Dr. Soloman
year and name:
using radiographic studies of cancerous breasts removed at surgery, he described the mechanism of how breast cancer spread
1913
Dr. Soloman
year and name:
he made the first published radiograph of a living person’s breast in a German medical textbook on malignant tumors
1927
Otto Kleinschmidt
publications on mammography appeared in _____, _____, and _____ but still use of mammography for the diagnosis of breast cancer received little clinical interest
South America; United States; Europe
year:
publications on mammography appeared in South America, the United States, and Europe but still use of mammography for the diagnosis of breast cancer received little clinical interest
1930s
year:
mammography was considered a reliable clinical tool because of such refinement as low-kilovoltage x-ray tubes with molybdenum targets and high detail, industrial-grade x-ray film
mid 1950s
year and name:
they introduced and popularized xerography
1960s
Wolfe and Ruzicka
this substantially lowered the radiation dose received by the patient compared with the dose received using industrial grade x-ray film
xerography
year:
the first attempts at widespread population screening began at this time
1960s
they first introduced the combination of higher resolution, faster speed x-ray film, and an intensifying screen
as a result, radiation exposure to the patient was reduced even more
DuPont Company
year:
the BCDDP was implemented
1973
what does BCDDP stand for?
Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project
in this project, 288,000 women underwent annual screening for breast cancer for 5 years at 29 locations throughout the United States
Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP)
they organized the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project
American Cancer Society (ACS) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI)
this project demonstrated unequivocally that screening, physical examination, mammography, and BSE could provide an early diagnosis
Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP)
year and name:
they improved screen-film combinations
1975
Kodak and DuPont
year:
by this time, extremely high-quality mammography images could be produced with very low patient radiation exposures
since then, fast lower-dose films, magnification techniques, and grids for scatter reduction have been introduced
1975
year:
the MQSA was implemented
1992
what does MQSA stands for?
Mammography Quality Standards Act
this was implemented to mandate the maintenance of high-quality breast cancer screening programs
Mammography Quality Standards Act (MSQA)
year:
public perception was that radiation exposure from diagnostic x-rays would induce more breast cancers than would be detected
mid 1970s
breast cancer risk factors (3)
- age
- hormonal history
- family history
the incidence of breast cancer _____ with age
increases
hormones influence the glandular tissue of the breast during _____, _____, and _____; however, hormone levels decline at the onset of _____
breast development; pregnancy; lactation
menopause
the glandular breast tissue is more _____ to carcinogens during menarche
sensitive
the glandular breast tissue is more sensitive to carcinogens during _____
menarche
high risk women include those with _____, _____, _____, and ______
early menses; late menopause; first birth after age 30 years; nulliparity
a woman whose daughter, sister, or mother previously developed breast cancer, especially at an early age, is at _____ risk of developing the disease
higher
studies have shown that only _____ of known breast cancers are found in women with a family history of the disease
13.6%
these are lobulated glandular structure located within the superficial fascia of the anterolateral surface of the thorax of both male and females
breast (mammary glands)
this divide the superficial fascia into anterior and posterior components
breast (mammary glands)
the breast are rudimentary and without function
male breast
they are only rarely subject to abnormalities, such as neoplasms, that require radiologic evaluation
male breast
a secondary sex characteristics and function as accessory glands to the reproductive system by producing and secreting milk during lactation
female breast
this can vary considerably in size and shape, depending on the amount of fat and glandular tissue and the condition of the suspensory ligaments
female breast
it is usually cone-shaped, with the base or posterior surface pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles
breast
these muscles extend from the second or third rib inferiorly to the sixth or seventh rib and from near the lateral margin of the sternum laterally toward the anterior axillary plane
pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles
an additional portion of breast tissue which extends from the upper lateral base of the breasts into the axillary fossa
axillary prolongation or axillary tail
the breast tapers anteriorly from the base, ending in the nipple that is surrounded by a circular area of pigmented skin called the _____
areola
this supports the breast, it is a suspensory ligaments that extend from the posterior layers of the superficial fascia through the anterior fascia into the subcutaneous tissue and skin
cooper’s ligament
it is the condition of these ligaments, and not the relative fat content, that gives the breasts their firmness or lack of firmness
cooper’s ligament
an adult female breast consists of _____ to _____ lobes, which are distributed so that more lobes are superior and lateral than inferior and medial
15; 20
the basic structural units of the breast
lobules
this contains the glandular elements or acini
lobules
important considerations in mammography (3)
- breast anatomay and patient body habitus
- cassette size
- natural mobility of the breast
it contains primarily dense connective tissue and casts a relatively homogeneous radiographic image with little tissue differentiation
post pubertal adolescent breast
the development of glandular tissue _____ radiographic contrast
decrease
significant hypertrophy of glands and ducts occurs within the breast
this change causes the breasts to become extremely dense and opaque
during pregnancy
