Lesson 1: Human Factors and Aeronautical Decision Making

Question 1

Supplemental Oxygen Requirements: above 12,500 feet MSL up to 14,000 feet MSL?

Answer 1

Flight crew must use supplemental oxygen for that part of the flight at those altitudes that is more than 30 minutes duration.

REG 91.211(a)

Question 2

Supplemental Oxygen requirements above 14,000 feet MSL?

Answer 2

Flight crew is provided with and uses supplemental oxygen during the entire flight time.

REG 91.211(a)

Question 3

Supplemental Oxygen requirements above 15,00 feet MSL?

Answer 3

Each occupant of the aircraft is provided with and uses supplemental oxygen during the entire flight time.

REG 91.211(a)

Question 4

Student Pilot

Answer 4

● Can solo an airplane with appropriate endorsements from an instructor
● Can NOT take passengers solo
● Apply for Certificate on IACRA.faa.gov

Question 5

Private Pilot

Answer 5

● You can legally fly solo or with passengers
● You MAY NOT receive compensation!
● Pro Rata Share
○ Oil, Fuel, Airport Fees, Aircraft Rental

Question 6

Instrument Rating

Answer 6

● A student pilot or new private pilot can NOT fly into the clouds.
● You will fly under VFR (Visual Flight Rules)
● You can add an instrument rating to your certificate. Then you can fly into the clouds under IFR (Instrument Flight Rules)
● Not a new certificate, but a rating that gets added to your certificate.

Question 7

Commercial Pilot

Answer 7

● Can get paid to fly! HOORAY!
● But… not for the airlines.
● Cargo, Parachute Jump, Banner Towing, Cropdusting

Question 8

Airline Transport Pilot (ATP)

Answer 8

● Fly for the airlines!
● Most airlines will train and get you
this certificate!
● You can get hired without it.
● 1,500 flight hours required*

Question 9

Obtaining a Private Pilot Certificate

Answer 9

● Be at least 17 years old
● Read speak and understand English
● Receive the required ground training: 141 or 61
● Pass FAA written test
○ Endorsement from instructor
● Receive the required flight training and experience: 141 or 61
● Pass a check ride with a Designated Pilot Examiner
○ Endorsement from instructor
○ Oral and a flight portion

Question 10

What is Hypoxia?
What are the 4 types?

Answer 10

“Reduced oxygen” or “ not enough oxygen”

HYPOXIC
HYPEMIC
STAGNANT
HISTOTOXIC

Question 11

Hypoxic Hypoxia

Answer 11

“Insufficient oxygen available to the body”

A decrease in oxygen at sufficient pressure at high altitudes.

Remedies: Descend, Supplemental oxygen

Question 12

Hypemic Hypoxia

Answer 12

“Not enough blood”
Occurs when blood is not able to carry oxygen to the cells.

Causes: most common is Carbon Monoxide poisoning. Also Anemia, or reduced blood volume from severe bleeding.

Remedies: Close cabin heat, open windows.

Question 13

Stagnant Hypoxia

Answer 13

“Not Flowing”

Causes: In flight, excessive acceleration of gravity (Gs).
An arm or leg “falling asleep” is also Stagnant Hypoxia.

Question 14

Histotoxic Hypoxia

Answer 14

“Poisonous Cells”

Inability of cells to effectively use oxygen.

Causes: Alcohol or Drugs

One ounce of alcohol can equate to additional 2,000 feet of physiological altitude.

Question 15

Symptoms of Hypoxia

Answer 15

• Cyanosis (blue lips and fingernails)
• Headache
• Impaired Judgment
• Euphoria
• Visual Impairment
• Drowsiness
• Lightheaded
• Tingling in fingers and Toes
• Numbness

Question 16

Hyperventilation

Answer 16

Over exhalation of carbon dioxide

Causes:
Anxiety, Panic

Symptoms:
● Rapid breathing
● Shortness of breath
● Pass Out
● Hot and Cold Sensations

Remedies:
● Deep breaths
● Breath into paper bag
● Speak

Question 17

Middle Ear and Sinus Problems

Answer 17

Causes: pressure between atmospheric / cabin vs.
your body

Remedies: pop your ears, slow decent

Eustachian Tube: Opens when you yawn, chew, swallow.

A cold or nasal allergic condition can produce a sinus block, wry painful at the sinus area. Also upper teeth can ache and bloody mucus may discharge.

Don’t fly with a cold,

Question 18

Spatial Disorientation

Answer 18

Lack of orientation with regard to position, altitude, or movement of the airplane in space.

Coping with it:
● Avoid IMC
● Stay VFR
● Trust your instruments
● Get your instrument rating

Question 19

What are the 3 integrated systems the body uses that work together to ascertain orientation and movement in space?

Answer 19

Vestibular system:
Inner ear organs, that sense position based on the way we are balanced.

Somatosensory system:
nerves in the skin, muscles, joints, that sense position based on gravity, feeling and sound.

Visual system: eyes, which sense position based in what is seen.

Question 20

REG 91.17 Alchol

Answer 20

Eight hours bottle to throttle
BAC Less than .04
Not “under the influence”