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Mao's China Unit 2 > Lesson 1: How successful was the First Five-Year Plan 1952-56? > Flashcards

Lesson 1: How successful was the First Five-Year Plan 1952-56? Flashcards

1
Q

What were Stalin’s FYPs?

A

In the USSR, between 1929-1953, Stalin had revolutionised the Soviet economy by a series of government-directed plans.

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2
Q

What is heavy industry?

A

Iron and steel based productions and constructions

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3
Q

What does the term ‘lift off’ mean?

A

Increasing output and production at such a pace as to turn China into a modern industrial power.

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4
Q

What are backyard furnaces?

A

Primitive smelting devices that every family was encouraged to build on its premises.

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5
Q

What is Zhongnanhai?

A

Building compound off Tiananmen Square.

The historic centrepiece of Beijing which housed the government offices and minister residences.

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6
Q

What does the term ‘iron rice bowl’ mean?

A

System that provided a worker with a guaranteed job and wage.

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7
Q

What are manufactured goods?

A

Sellable products made from raw materials.

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8
Q

What is quality control?

A

The monitoring of industrial production to maintain set standards.

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9
Q

What is Applied Communism?

A

Planning according to Marxist principles involving state direction of the economy and the ending of private ownership.

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10
Q

What is Capitalism?

A

An economic system in which the trade and industry of the economy is owned and controlled by private individuals, to make profit.

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11
Q

What has an impact on production and the price of goods in a Capitalist system?

A

The markets

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12
Q

How much government intervention is there is a Capitalist society?

A

Often minimal

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13
Q

In a Capitalist system, wealth is gained by business owners, who decide and invest.
True or false?

A

True

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14
Q

What key elements would you expect to find in a Socialist economy?

A

Ownership of production

Distribution

Capital

Land within the community as a whole.

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15
Q

Who owns means of production in a socialist economy?

A

Democratic state

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16
Q

What is Socialism the precursor to?

A

Communism

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17
Q

[QUOTE] What did Lenin say about Socialism?

A

‘The goal of Socialism is Communism.’

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18
Q

What do workers share equally in a Socialist economy?

A

Share equally in wealth and services according to their needs.

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19
Q

What is Communism based on the theory of?

A

Shared ownership

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20
Q

What is there none of in a Communist society?

A

Private ownership of goods

Class

Money

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21
Q

What do people in a Communist society do individual work for?

A

A common goal

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22
Q

Who regulated the ownership of industries in a Communist economy?

A

Government

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23
Q

By 1951, what had happened to industrialisation?

A

Had been reduced to a manageable level.

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24
Q

By the end of 1952, what had Mao moved to do?

A

Impose a Soviet industrial model on China.

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25
Q

What is the 1st aim of the First FYP?

A
  1. Make China self-sufficient in food and manufactured goods
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26
Q

What is the 2nd aim of the First FYP?

A
  1. To produce spectacular public work projects.
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27
Q

What is the 3rd aim of the First FYP?

A
  1. To channel resources into heavy industries and away from consumer goods (seen as less important).
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28
Q

What is the 4th aim of the First FYP?

A
  1. To force collective farmers to sell food at low prices to keep industrial wages low.
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29
Q

What is the 5th aim of the First FYP?

A
  1. To nationalise businesses owned by foreigners such as banking, gas, electricity and transport.
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30
Q

Between what years was the First FYP?

A

1952-56

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31
Q

When was the Sino-Soviet treaty?

A

1950

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32
Q

Mao’s mistrust of Stalin was well founded.
True or false?

A

True

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33
Q

What was the Soviet intent on doing with the Sino-Soviet treaty?

A

Exploiting the agreement in its own favour

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34
Q

What did Mao believe the Soviet would provide?

A

Expertise and aid at low cost

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35
Q

Stalin struck an easy bargain for the Sino-Soviet treaty.
True or false?

A

False-hard bargain

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36
Q

What was Stalin’s 1st term of the Sino-Soviet treaty?

A
  1. The $300 million Soviet advance was a loan, not a gift; the PRC had to undertake to repay the full amount plus interest
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37
Q

What was Stalin’s 2nd term for the Sino-Soviet treaty?

A
  1. The upkeep of the 10,000 Soviet economic and military advisers who went to China to be paid for fully by the Chinese
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38
Q

What was Stalin’s 3rd term for the Sino-Soviet treaty?

A
  1. China had to give the bulk of its bullion reserves to the Soviet Union
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39
Q

What was Stalin’s 4th term for the Sino-Soviet treaty?

A
  1. Russia received economic concessions (allowance) and extraterritorial rights in Manchuria and Xinjiang
40
Q

What is bullion?

A

Gold (or silver) stocks in bulk

41
Q

What is Stalin’s 5th term of the Sino-Soviet treaty?

A
  1. Mao received a full list of comintern agents who were operating in China
42
Q

Who did Nikita Khrushchev admit the Sino-Soviet treaty had been an insult to?

A

The Chinese people and continuing its centuries of exploitation.

43
Q

What did Khrushchev suggest that Stalin deliberately prevented?

A

An early armistice (truce) being reached in Korea in order to exhaust the Chinese

44
Q

Why did an angered Mao tolerate the USSR?

A

For the time being there was no alternative.
Judged that the new China could not survive without the USSR’s economic assistance until China was able to achieve economic independence.

45
Q

What was industry essential to?

A

PRC’s survival as a nation

46
Q

Mao wanted to build the same FYP’s model as the USSR.
True or false?

A

True

47
Q

What year was China’s First FYP?

A

1952

48
Q

What did the First FYP aim at?

A

Growth of heavy industry

49
Q

Between the 1930s and 1940s, what had Chiang established under the GMD?

A

National Resources Committee (NRC)

50
Q

What has Chiang’s NRC taken control of?

A

Industrial investment policy

51
Q

How much of the NRC’s workforces had stayed on in China after 1949?

A

200,000

52
Q

Between what years had migration from the countryside to towns nearly doubled?

A

1949-57

53
Q

How much had the urban population increased from between 1949-57 due to migration from the countryside?

A

57 million - 100 million

54
Q

Benefits of migration from countryside to towns doubling.

A

Large workforce with industrial expertise available.

55
Q

What was the annual inflation rate at in 1949?

A

1000%

56
Q

What was the annual inflation rate in 1951?

A

15%

57
Q

3 reasons inflation was bought under control between 1949 and 1951.

A
  1. Slashed public expenditure
  2. Raised tax rates on urban dwellers
  3. Replaced Old Chinese dollar with new currency, known as the renminbi or yuan.
58
Q

Between what years was the First Five-Year Plan?

A

1952-56

59
Q

What had Mao envisaged for his Five-Year Plans?

A

There would be 3 Soviet-style Five-Year Plans.

60
Q

Why did China want to have Soviet-style Five-Year Plans?

A

Russia was at this stage still an inspiration for China.

61
Q

How was Mao’s task in introducing a centrally planned economy made easier?

A

There had been some degree of state involvement in Chinese industry since imperial times.

62
Q

Who were the high salaries of the Soviet technicians paid for by?

A

The Chinese

63
Q

What did some Chinese people complain about due to Soviet interference in China?

A

The fact that traditional Chinese buildings were being replaced by Soviet-style buildings.

64
Q

Main target of the 1st FYP?

A

To make China as self-sufficient in food and manufactured goods as possible in order to protect China in a potentially hostile Capitalist world.

65
Q

Who were targets set by for the 1st FYP?

A

Economic planners

66
Q

What were targets NOT set according to?

A

Consumer demand

67
Q

What were resources channelled into and away from?

A

Channelled into heavy industry and away from consumer goods.

68
Q

What things were targeted so there could be increased production of them?

A

Coal
Steel
Petrochemicals
Automobile industry

69
Q

What did the government hope people would invest in rather than spend extra income on consumer goods?

A

Patriotic saving schemes

70
Q

Initially, what were the industries which were more often nationalised?

A

Those belonging to foreigners e.g., banking, gas, electricity and transport sectors.

71
Q

By what year was ownership of businesses brought entirely to an end?

A

1956

72
Q

What was introduced to encourage higher morale?

A

A number of civil engineering projects were undertaken

73
Q

Give examples of civil engineering projects undertaken to increase morale.

A

Construction of vast roads
Rail bridge across the Yangzi River at Nanjing

74
Q

Target in 1952 and output achieved in 1957 for Gross industrial output (yuan, millions).

A

Target = 52,560
Output = 65,020

75
Q

Target (1952) and output achieved (1957) for coal (millions of tonnes).

A

Target = 113
Output = 115

76
Q

Target (1952) and output achieved (1957) for oil (millions of tonnes).

A

Target = 2012
Output = 1468

77
Q

Target (1952) and output achieved (1957) for steel (millions of tonnes).

A

Target = 4.12
Output = 5.35

78
Q

Target (1952) and output achieved (1957) for electric power (billions of kilowatts).

A

Target = 15.9
Output = 19.34

79
Q

Target (1952) and output achieved (1957) for hydroelectric turbines (kilowatts).

A

Target = 79,000
Output = 74,900

80
Q

Target (1952) and output achieved (1957) for ,machine tools (units).

A

Target = 12,720
Output = 28,000

81
Q

Target (1952) and output achieved (1957) for locomotives (units).

A

Target = 200
Output = 167

82
Q

Target (1952) and output achieved (1957) for freight cars (units)

A

Target = 8500
Output = 7300

83
Q

Target (1952) and output achieved (1957) for merchant ships (tonnes)

A

Target = 179,000
Output = 54,000

84
Q

Target (1952) and output achieved (1957) for trucks (units)

A

Target = 4000
Output = 7500

85
Q

Target (1952) and output achieved (1957) for bicycles (units)

A

Target = 550,000
Output = 1,174,000

86
Q

Target (1952) and output achieved (1957) for manufactured chemicals (millions of tonnes)

A

Target = 1,580
Output = 2,087

87
Q

Why has care have to be taken when it comes to figures relating to economic performance?

A

There was a tendency for officials to manipulate them.
Party cadres would check on performance-there was corruption.

88
Q

What was the economic growth rate of China between 1953 and 1957?

A

9%

89
Q

According to official statistics, few sectors of the economy succeeded in reaching their targets.
True or false?

A

False-most succeeded.

90
Q

How did urban living standards improve due to the 1st FYP?

A

Improved in terms of wages

91
Q

According to Western analysis, was there successes of China’s 1st FYP?

A

Yes

92
Q

What shortcomings did Soviet aid expose in the plan?

A

Shortcomings in skill and literacy of the Chinese workers.

93
Q

By the time the plan ended, how many children, under 16, were in full-time education?

A

Less than half

94
Q

After 1949, what happened to many of the GMD’s nationalist economic planners?

A

Remained in place

95
Q

Why did the bureaucratic administration within China suffer massively following on from the 1952-53 anti-campaigns?

A

Many of the GMD nationalist economic planners had been removed.

96
Q

Why did peasants in the countryside suffer from the 1st FYP?

A

Shortages of food due to it being requisitioned to pay back Soviets for the aid.

97
Q

How did Lysenkoism theories brought over by Russians impact China?

A

Negatively-had already been proven wrong in Russia.

Mao's China Unit 2 (6 decks)

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