Lesson 1: Expansion in the Pacific Flashcards
Annex Definition
to add on or take over
Boxer Rebellion Definition
an uprising in China against westerners and Western influence in 1900
Expansionism Definition
a policy of extending a nation’s boundaries
Great White Fleet Definition
the name for the steam-powered ships of the enlarged and modernized American navy of the early 1900s
Imperialism Definition
a policy of powerful countries seeking to control the economic and political affairs of weaker countries of regions
Isolationism Definition
a policy of staying out of world affairs
Open Door Policy Definition
a policy issued by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899 that allowed a nation to trade in any other nation’s sphere of influence in China
Racism Definition
the belief that one race is superior to another
Sphere of Influence Definition
an area where a nation had special trading privileges
Treaty of Kanagawa Definition
an 1854 treaty between Japan and the United States that opened up ports to American trade in Japan
What had George Washington advised in his Farewell Address?
In his Farewell Address, George Washington had advised the nation to have little to do with the political affairs of other nations. He had been concerned about forming dangerous alliances with other nations and had preferred that the United States be involved in international affairs only to protect its economic interests.
George Washington’s beliefs on foreign affairs sparked what type of policy? How long did later presidents maintain this policy and why?
Washington’s beliefs influenced the policy of isolationism. Later Presidents maintained this policy for over a hundred years. Americans had no wish to be dragged into Europe’s frequent wars.
In addition to America’s policy of isolationism, what were its policies of expansionism and foreign trade? How did they influence American actions and ideals?
Yet, from its earliest existence, the American republic had also followed a policy of expansionism, or extending its national boundaries. Americans were constantly pressing westward across the continent. At the same time, Americans conducted a lively foreign trade. Merchant ships carried American goods to Europe, as well as to Asian nations such as China. The island nation of Japan, however, refused to open its doors to American trade.
Why had Japanese rulers cut themselves off from the world in the 1600s? Which merchants did they allow to trade with them, annually? What happened to foreign sailors who were shipwrecked on the Japanese shore?
Fearing outsiders, Japanese rulers had cut themselves off from the world in the 1600s. They expelled all westerners. Only a few Dutch merchants were permitted to trade once a year at the port of Nagasaki. Any foreign sailors who were shipwrecked on the shores of Japan were not allowed to leave.
What goals did Americans want to achieve when President Millard Fillmore sent Commodore Mathew Perry to Japan in July 1853? Why did he show up with four warships? Despite Japanese officials telling him to leave, what did Perry give them before he left? What happened when Perry returned in February 1854? How did his fleet of nine warships impress Japanese officials, leading to them signing the Treaty of Kanagawa? What did its state?
Americans wanted Japan to open its ports to trade, as well as to help shipwrecked sailors. To achieve these goals, President Millard Fillmore sent Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan. Perry entered Tokyo Bay with four warships in July 1853. The Japanese had never seen steam-powered ships. Japanese rulers ordered the Americans to leave. Before departing, though, Perry presented Japanese officials with a letter from President Fillmore. It asked the Japanese to open trading relations with the United States. Perry said he would return the following year for an answer. Perry returned in February 1854, this time with nine warships. Impressed by this show of strength, the Japanese emperor signed the Treaty of Kanagawa. In the treaty, Japan accepted demands to help shipwrecked sailors. It also opened two ports to American trade.
What did Commodore Matthew Perry’s visit to Japan establish the start of? How did this influence Japan?
Perry’s visit launched trade between Japan and the West. It also made the Japanese aware of the power of the western industrial nations. Japan soon set out to become a modern industrial nation itself, with the United States as one of its models.
In the 1860s, what did Secretary of State William Seward want for the United States in the Pacific? In 1867, why did he encourage Congress to annex Midway Island? What did Seward do in Alaska?
American interest in Asia and the Pacific continued. In the 1860s, Secretary of State William Seward wanted the United States to dominate trade in the Pacific. In 1867, he persuaded Congress to annex, or take over, Midway Island, in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. The island became part of the United States. Seward also made a bold deal to buy the vast territory of Alaska from Russia.
Why was William Seward interested in Alaska? Why was Russia interested in giving away Russia?
Seward saw Alaska as an important stepping stone for increasing U.S. trade in Asia and the Pacific. For their part, the Russians were eager to get rid of the territory, which was too far away to govern effectively.
Why was William Seward interested in Alaska? Why was Russia interested in giving away Alaska?
Seward saw Alaska as an important stepping stone for increasing U.S. trade in Asia and the Pacific. For their part, the Russians were eager to get rid of the territory, which was too far away to govern effectively.
How did William Seward purchase Alaska in 1867? What was he doing during the exchange, and what was it like? How much did America pay per acre? How much did Alaska increase America by?
One night in 1867, Seward was playing cards. Suddenly, he was interrupted by a message from the Russian ambassador. The czar, or emperor, of Russia was willing to sell Alaska to the United States for $7.2 million. Seward agreed to buy the land then and there. “But your Department is closed,” said the ambassador.
“Never mind that,” Seward replied. “Before midnight you will find me at the Department, which will be open and ready for business.”
Next morning, Seward completed the deal. The cost came to 2 cents an acre. The purchase of Alaska increased the area of the United States by almost one fifth.
What were the initial reactions to the purchase of Alaska? How did the minds of people change after gold was found in Alaska in the 1890s?
At the time, the purchase seemed foolish. Most Americans thought of Alaska as a barren land of icy mountains and frozen fish. They mockingly called the new territory “Seward’s Ice Box” and referred to the purchase as “Seward’s Folly.” Minds changed in the 1890s, after prospectors found gold in Alaska. Miners rushed to the new territory as they had once rushed to California. Since then, Seward’s vision of Alaska as a valuable territory has proved correct. The lowlands of southern Alaska are well suited to farming. The land is also rich in timber, copper, petroleum, and natural gas. In 1959, Alaska became the forty-ninth state.
What is the period known as the Age of Imperialism (1870-1914)?
The period between 1870 and 1914 has often been called the Age of Imperialism. Imperialism is the policy of powerful countries seeking to control the economic and political affairs of weaker countries or regions. Between 1870 and 1914, European nations, such as Britain, Germany, and France, seized control of almost the entire continent of Africa and much of southern Asia. During this period, the United States and Japan also became imperial powers.
What were the three main reasons for imperialism?
There were several reasons for the growth of imperialism. First, the industrial nations of Europe needed raw materials and new markets. European factories used raw materials from Africa and Asia to manufacture goods. Some of these goods would then be sold in Africa and Asia. A second factor that shaped imperialism was racism, or the belief that one race is superior to another. Many Europeans felt that they had a duty to spread their religion and culture to people whom they considered to be less civilized. British writer Rudyard Kipling called this responsibility “the white man’s burden.” Such thinking ignored that Africans and Asians already had rich cultures of their own. A third cause was competition. When a European country colonized an area, it often closed markets of that area to other countries. A European nation might take over an area just to keep rival nations out.
By the 1890s, what condition was the United Staes in that made arguments in favor of expansionism popular?
Americans could not ignore Europe’s race for colonies. By the 1890s, the United States was a world leader in industry and agriculture. American factories turned out huge amounts of steel and American farms grew surpluses of corn, wheat, and cotton. The nation was growing rapidly, and arguments in favor of expansion were popular.