Lesson 1: Doing Philosophy Flashcards
Philosophy comes from the Greek words: ______ (____) and ______ (______)
philos (love), sophia (wisdom)
which were used by ancient Greeks to refer to…
“love of wisdom”
and soon applied it to the study or
discipline that…
uses human reason to
investigate the ultimate, causes,
reasons, and principles which govern all
things.
Philosophers are people who engage in ___________
“______ __ __________”
philosophy, “lovers of wisdom”
__________ is the birthplace of philosophy in the West.
Greece
To be more precise it is the
ancient Greek city of _________ in the Western
coast of what is now
________ that gave birth to
philosophy.
Miletus, Turkey
It is in this city that the first philosopher in the West,
_______, lived.
Miletus/Turkey, THALES
_________ was an ancient _______ philosopher from ______ who lived in
the ___________________. _______the philosopher is known for proposing that
water was the fundamental principle of the universe; and he attempted
to create a theory that would explain the natural world.
Thales, Greek, Miletus, 6th century BCE
a philosopher whose desire is to know
the ultimate stuff that makes up the
different things we perceived.
Thales
He believed that there is one
underlying stuff or substance in
which everything is composed.
Thales
______________. He reduce the multiplicity into a unity. (_______)
One in the Many, Thales
Primarily concerned with uncovering the truth
through systematic argumentation and theory.
Western
Philosophy
There is greater emphasis on the use of
_______ rather than faith, and an increased
focus on man as an individual
REASON, Western Philosophy
Western Philosophy is a more scientific….
theory-based approach
a more individualistic, self-oriented
approach
_________ were an important group that emerged
and influenced learning in Ancient Greece.
SOPHISTS
…teachers who traveled throughout
Greece and taught people who wish to
learn.
SOPHISTS
…done through discussion and argument, and
the sophists are excellent public speakers
Western Philosophy, SOPHISTS
Met resistance from another
group of thinkers
SOPHISTS
Teaching and learning should be
an opportunity to learn the truth
of all things in this world, and all
real wisdom should strive to
achieve truth aside from
knowledge.
Memo
arguments and discussion
must be based on sound reasoning
PHILOSOPHOS
CENTRAL BELIEF:
Man need not know all things
in the world, but one must
continue to inquire and seek
to understand and learn about
human condition.
The philosophers became pioneers in various field of knowledge
such as
history, biology, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and
even physics.
a mathematician and
scientist, credited with
formulating the
Pythagorean Theorem.
PYTHAGORAS (570BCE – 495 BCE)
established a community
of learners devoted to the
study of religion and
philosophy
PYTHAGORAS (570BCE – 495 BCE)
He proposed that
everything that exists is
based on a higher order
or plan which he called
______
HERACLITUS (535 BCE – 475 BCE), logos
is permanent aspect of
the human condition
change
“No man ever steps
on the same river
twice”
HERACLITUS (535 BCE – 475 BCE)
He devoted himself to studying the
causes of _______ __________
DEMOCRITUS, natural phenomena.
He was among the first to
propose that matter is
composed of tiny particles
called _____
DEMOCRITUS, ATOMS
a known advocate of living a
________ and ________ _____
DIOGENES OF SINOPE, simple and virtuous life
“one should not only talk of
virtue but should show it in
words and actions”
DIOGENES OF SINOPE
his emphasis on austerity and simplicity
often went to the extreme and was said
to have lived like a beggar
DIOGENES OF SINOPE
First philosopher in the west
DIOGENES OF SINOPE
He believed that philosophy could
enable man to live a life of
___________
EPICURUS, happiness
his views gave rise to
____________
EPICURUS, Epicureanism
a school of philosophy which believes that
wisdom and simple living will result in a life free of
fear and pain.
Epicureanism
He was considered the foremost philosopher
of ancient times.
SOCRATES (470 BCE – 399 BCE)
he did not claim to be “wise” and merely considered himself
a “________” that helped inquiring minds achieve wisdom
SOCRATES, midwife
believed that philosophy could
enable a man to live a life of
________
SOCRATES, virtue
formulated the Socratic Method
SOCRATES
a
means of examining a topic by devising a
series of questions that let the learner
examine and anlyze his knowledge and
views regarding the topic
Socratic Method
a student of Socrates, he wrote down his
mentor’s teachings and incorporated some of
his own ideas
PLATO (427 BCE – 347 BCE)
his teachings and writings were considered the
foundation of Western philosophy
PLATO
a method of inquiry where two
opposing ideas are discussed in an attempt to
arrive at new knowledge
DIALECTIC
can only be perceived in the
mind
THEORY OF FORMS
an institution of higher
learning which was the first of
its kind in the Western World
Founded the Academy (PLATO)
he attended the academy and
prominent student of Plato
ARISTOTLE
all ideas and views are based on
________ and our reality is based
on what we can sense and perceive
ARISTOTLE, perception
studied logic that led to the formulation of a formal
process of analyzing reasoning which gave rise to
___________ __________
ARISTOTLE, deductive reasoning
the process of which specific statements are analyzed to
reach a conclusion or generalization
deductive reasoning
Consists of schools of thought which are often
closely tied with _________ ________.
Eastern Philosophy, RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
…described as “______” literature where
stories, sayings, and texts encourage people to
adopt an ethical and harmonious way life.
Eastern Philosophy, WISDOM
Eastern philosophies are classified according to ________
(belief in Supreme Being) and _____________.
Theistic, Nontheistic
for the ____, _______ signifies the end of the eternal cycle of reincarnation
East, Nirvana
For the ____, ________ must be accounted for within this lifetime
West, Everything
what was that called
Wheel of Life
Main focus of Eastern and Western Philo
West: Knowledge, explicit
East: behavior, implicit
Methods of Eastern and Western Philo
West: criticism, conceptual analysis
East: cooperation, therapeutic
Terms of Eastern and Western Philo
West: Precise, logical
East: dynamic, organic
Individual of Eastern and Western Philo
West: fact, control
East: insight, contentment
Society of Eastern and Western Philo
west: resistance, division
east: submission, collaboration
Thales greatest contribution is the problem he posed:
“What is the ultimate stuff of the
universe?”
Philosophical activity is characterized by three
things:
- Scope of philosophy involves the widest generalizations.
- Philosophy is all about fundamentals. A fundamental is
the root cause that explains almost everything in a given
context. - Philosophy is driven by the desire to integrate things in to
a one coherent whole.
We all have the potential to philosophize since
we have the tendency to
wonder and doubt.
We possess the capacity to reflect on our experiences, and we
have a never- ending need to
learn and discover.
The need to philosophize is traced to a person’s
_________ (______) and ______ (__________), ________________________________ (_____ _______), and
the ____________.
sense of wonder (Plato), doubt (Rene
Descartes), the need to make sense of
challenging experiences (Karl Jaspers), love for wisdom
One way of looking at Philosophy is to consider it a
way of analyzing frameworks.
Internal questions –
dealing with our own
correctness and values
External questions –
seek to question the very
frameworks upon which people base their own belies and views
Philosophy can also be thought of as an
examination of a particular area of knowledge
Central principle of philosophy is
examination
and questioning
fundamental
principles that guide scientific thought
Philosophy of science
examines basic tenets
of any faith
Philosophy of religion
the other 2 philosophies
Philosophy of education
Philosophy of law
Philosophy itself is a
distinct area of knowledge
with its own goal, concerns, and way of doing
things.
nature of man
Philosophy of the Human Person
deals with beauty and what make things
“beautiful”
Aesthetics
deals with correct reasoning
Logic –
discusses the nature of knowledge and
knowing
Epistemology –
deals with moral questions and dilemmas
Ethics
governments (justice, power etc)
Political philosophy –
deals with questions regarding reality
and existence.
Metaphysics –
Philosophy is a _________ and ___________
activity, and it has no designated subject matter of its
own.
reflective and meditative
Rather it is a method of ______________ on any
type of experience.
mental exercise
Two important facts about philosophizing:
Philosophy is a reflective and meditative
activity, and it has no designated subject matter of its
own.
Rather it is a method of mental exercise on any
type of experience.
Philosophy uses _______to arrive at a
certain knowledge or truth
reason
Philosophical
tools and
processes
Philosophical Questions
Logical Reasoning
Philosophy was born because of _________
IGNORANCE
__________ is about answering questions
Philosophy
________ is the method we use in doing
philosophy.
Reasoning
…is the process that would aide in understanding the
holistic point of view of what is going on around us.
…it is an activity that
requires a person to
examine his/her thoughts,
feelings and actions and
learn from experience.
REFLECTION
…is the act of giving time to think about the meaning
and purpose of life. -________
Philosophical Reflection, Gabriel Marcel
the ability to think logically.
PRIMARY REFLECTION
enables us to look deeper into
our experiences and see the
bigger picture of reality.
SECONDARY REFLECTION
drives the need of a philosopher
to question, examine, and learn more.
SENSE OF WONDER
questioning perspective if indeed these ideas or
views are correct or true.
DOUBT
Jaspers believed that man is often
confronted by experiences which challenge his ideas
and frameworks.
EXPERIENCE
to love wisdom is to have an
insatiable desire for truth
LOVE FOR WISDOM
…does not seek knowledge to claim
ownership of it.
…seeks to continue to question, probe,
and to discuss in order to get to the
bottom of things.
PHILOSOPHER
I know that I do not know…
- __________
-SOCRATES
