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ENS195 > Lesson 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Is the natural environment and the biodiversity contained within that is necessary for the provision of the ecosystem goods and services “essential to basic human needs such as survival, climate regulation, habitat for other species, water supply, food, fiber, fuel, recreation, cultural amenities, and the raw materials required for all economic production”

A

Natural Capital

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2
Q

Natural Capital Equation

A

Natural Capital = Natural Resources + Natural Services

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3
Q

Give examples of Natural Resources

A
  • Air
  • Water
  • Nonrenewable Energy
  • Nonrenewable Minerals
  • Renewable Energy
  • Land
  • Soil
  • Life
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4
Q

What are the Natural Services in Air?

A
  • Air purification
  • Climate control
  • UV protection
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5
Q

What Are the Natural Services in Water?

A
  • Water purification
  • Waste treatment
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6
Q

What are the Natural Services in Soil?

A
  • Soil renewal
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7
Q

What are the Natural Services in Land?

A
  • Food production
  • Nutrients recycling
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8
Q

What are the Natural Services in Life?

A
  • Population control
  • Pest control
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9
Q

What are the Natural Services in Life?

A
  • Population control
  • Pest control
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10
Q

This is degradation of normally renewable natural resources

A

Natural Capital Degradation

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11
Q

What are some examples of Natural Capital Degradation?

A
  • Air pollution
  • Climate Change
  • Soil erosion
  • Shrinking forests
  • Decreased wildlife habitat
  • Aquifer depletion
  • Declining ocean fisheries
  • Water pollution
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12
Q

If women will have an average of 2 children each, what is the estimated total population by the year 2050?

A

9.5 billion

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13
Q

What happens if the use of commons is below the carrying capacity?

A

All users will benefit

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14
Q

What happens if one or more users increase the use of commons beyond the carrying capacity?

A

The commons become degraded and all users will incur the cost of degradation.

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15
Q

What happens if the environmental cost is not accounted for?

A

The land will become unable to support any activity

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16
Q

Four Demographic Stages

A
  • Preindustrial
  • Transition
  • Industrial
  • Postindustrial
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17
Q

If death rate declines first what is usually being followed?

A

Decline in birth rate

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18
Q

Give the percentages of the United States, European Union, China, India and Japan and their total ecological footprint and share of global ecological capacity

A
  • United States = 25%
  • European Union = 19%
  • China = 18%
  • India = 7%
  • Japan = 5%
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19
Q

Give the percentages of the United States, European Union, China, India and Japan and their per capita ecological footprint

A
  • United States = 9.7
  • European Union = 4.7
  • China = 1.6
  • India = 0.8
  • Japan = 4.8
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20
Q

By the year 2008, by how much was the humanity’s total or global, ecological footprint?

A

At least 30% than the earth’s ecological capacity and is projected to be twice the planet’s ecological capacity by 2050.

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21
Q

Impact of Population Equation

A

Population (P) X Consumption per person (A) X Technological impact per consumption (T) = Environment Impact of Pollution (I)

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22
Q

What are the three systems that need to work together to address issues in pollution and give their subcategories?

A

Human System: Government, Individual and Society
Built System: Infrastructure and Economy
Natural System: Environment

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23
Q

What are the stages involved in production and use of materials? (in order)

A

1.) Energy and Resources
2.) Life Cycle Phases
3.) Emission and waste

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24
Q

What are the processes in Life Cycle Phase (In-order)?

A

1.) Raw material extraction
2.) Production
3.) Transport
4.) Product use
5.) Disposal

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25
Q

Based on modelling and forensics, give out different sources of pollution.

A
  • Lightning
  • Agriculture
  • Fire
  • Industry
  • Transportation
  • Sewage System
  • Soil
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26
Q

Based on modelling and forensics, give out different transportation or transformation of pollution.

A
  • Photochemistry
  • Prevailing winds
  • Chemical Transformation
  • Cloud processes
  • Vertical Mixing
  • Dispersion
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27
Q

Based on modelling and forensics, give out different removal of pollution.

A
  • Dry deposition
  • Wet depostion
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28
Q

Based on modelling and forensics, give out different effects of pollution.

A
  • Aquatic ecosystem
  • Culture response
  • Soils
  • Estuaries
  • Runoff
  • Agricultural products
  • Drinking water
  • Ground water
  • Human Health
  • Forest productivity
  • Visibility
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29
Q

In management and law, specifically in Production, what can you do for environmental conservation and what is its realization of profit?

A
  • Eliminating unnecessary features
  • Cost reduction
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30
Q

In management and law, specifically in Design, what can you do for environmental conservation and what is its realization of profit?

A
  • Follow the Recycling Design Policy: reduce number of parts, developing of parts with longer lives, resource conservation and banning use of harmful chemical substances.
  • Cost reduction and improves attraction of products
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31
Q

In management and law, specifically in Manufacturing, what can you do for environmental conservation and what is its realization of profit?

A
  • Use measures against global warming: banning the use of harmful chemical substances, reducing number of processes, improving yield and operating rates, improving usage rate of materials and secondary materials, and achieving zero-waste-to-landfill
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32
Q

In management and law, specifically in Production, what can you do for environmental conservation and what is its realization of profit?

A
  • Reducing the use of packaging materials
  • Distribution of recycled products
  • Remote inspection system
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33
Q

State the waste management pyramid starting from the most favored option.

A

1.) Prevention
2.) Minimization
3.) Reuse
4.) Recycling
5.) Recovery
6.) Disposal

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34
Q

What did Joe Ling said about pollution?

A

“Pollution is waste, and waste today leads to shortages tomorrow”

35
Q

Who said: “Pollution is waste, and waste today leads to shortages tomorrow”

A

Joe Ling

36
Q

What does 3P mean?

A

Pollution Prevention Pays

37
Q

What are ways for pollution prevention?

A
  • Material Selection
  • Waste Gen Mechanisms
  • Operation conditions
  • Material storage and transport
  • Energy consumption
  • Process Safety
38
Q

What are the three dimensions of sustainability?

A
  • Eco-centric Concerns
  • Socio-centric Concerns
  • Techno-centric Concerns
39
Q

What are examples of Eco-centric Concerns?

A

Natural Capital and ecological capacity

40
Q

What are examples of Socio-centric Concerns?

A

Human capital and social expectations

41
Q

What are examples of Techno-centric Concerns?

A

Techno-economic systems

42
Q

This is the contamination of the environment by a chemical or other agent such as noise or heat that is harmful to health, survival, or activities of humans or other organisms.

A

Pollution

43
Q

What are types of pollution?

A

Natural and Anthropogenic

44
Q

What are the types of pollutants?

A
  • Organic Chemicals
  • Inorganic Chemicals
  • Organometallic Chemicals
  • Acids
  • Physical
  • Radioactive
  • Biological
45
Q

Give examples of organic chemical pollutants.

A
  • Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB)
  • Oil
  • Pesticides
46
Q

Give examples of inorganic chemical pollutants.

A
  • Salts
  • Nitrates
  • Metals with their salts
47
Q

Give examples of organometallic chemical pollutants.

A
  • Methylmercury
  • Tributyltin
  • Tetraethyl Lead
48
Q

Give examples of acidic pollutants.

A
  • Sulfuric
  • Acetic
  • Nitric
  • Hydrochloric
49
Q

Give examples of physical pollutants.

A
  • Eroded soil
  • Trash
50
Q

Give examples of radioactive pollutants.

A
  • Radon
  • Radium
  • Uranium
51
Q

Give examples of biological pollutants.

A
  • Microorganisms
  • Pollens
52
Q

Give the two types of pollution sources.

A
  • Point source
  • Nonpoint source
53
Q

State the PSI value and its corresponding PSI descriptor.

A

0 to 50 = Good
51 to 100 = Moderate
101 to 200 = Unhealthy
201 to 300 = Very unhealthy
Above 300 = Hazardous

54
Q

This is a buildup of a persistent toxic substance, such as certain pesticides, in an organism’s body, often in fatty tissues.

A

Bioaccumulation

55
Q

This is an increased concentration of toxic chemicals, such as PCBs, heavy metals, and certain pesticides, in the tissues of organisms that are at higher levels in food webs.

A

Biological Magnification

56
Q

When did the Bhopal Gas Tragedy occur?

A

December 2-3, 1984

57
Q

What was the hazardous gas that caused dead in the Bhopal Gas Tragedy?

A

Methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas

58
Q

List some common things at home and the possible harmful pollutant it may have.

A

Shampoo - Perfluorochemicals
Teddy Bears - flame retardants and pesticides
Clothes - perfluorochemicals
Baby Bottles - bisphenol-A
Mattress - flame retardants
Carpet - flame retardants, perfluorochemicals and pesticides
TV - flame retardants
Tennis shoes - phthalates
Sofa - flame retardants and perfluorochemicals
Toys - phthalates
Computer - flame retardants
Water bottles - Bisphenol-A
Food - Bisphenol-A
Tile Floor - perfluorochemicals, phthalates, and pesticides
Milk - fire retardants and dioxins
Fruit - pesticides
Frying pan - perfluorochemicals
Nail Polish - perfluorochemicals and phthalates
Perfume - phthalates
Hairspray - phthalates

59
Q

Who released this statement: “Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviors. It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. It is targeted towards preventing disease and creating health supportive environments. This definition excludes behavior not related to environment, as well as behavior related to the social and cultural environment, and genetics.”

A

WHO (World Health Organization)

60
Q

What are the Included environmental factors?

A
  1. Pollution of air, water, or soil with chemical or biological agents
  2. UV and ionizing radiation
  3. Noise, electromagnetic fields
  4. Occupational risks
  5. Built environments, including housing land use patterns roads
  6. Agricultural methods, irrigation schemes
  7. Man-made climate change, ecosystem change
  8. Behavior related to the availability of safe water and sanitation facilities, such as washing hands, and contaminating food
61
Q

What are the Excluded environmental factors?

A
  1. Alcohol and tobacco consumption, drug abuse
  2. Diet (although it could be argued that food availability influences diet)
  3. The natural environments of vectors that cannot reasonably be modified (e.g. in rivers, lakes, wetlands)
  4. Impregnated bed nets (for this study they are considered to be non-environmental interventions)
  5. Unemployment (provided that it is not related to environmental degradation, occupational disease, etc.)
  6. Natural biological agents, such as pollen in the outdoor environment
  7. Person-to-person transmission that cannot reasonably be prevented through environmental interventions such as improving housing, introducing sanitary hygiene, or making improvements in the occupational environment.
62
Q

List the effects of some major pollutants in a human body

A

1.) Olfactory/Sinus
- Arsenic
- Chromium
- Cadmium
- Nickel
2.) Dental
- Fluoride
3.) Respiratory System
- Sulfuric oxides
- Ammonia
- Cadmium
- Ozone
- Nitrogen Oxides
- Hydrogen Oxides
- Hydrogen Sulfides
- Asbestos
- Mercury
- Radon
4.) Hepatic System
- Selenium
- Chlorinated hydrocarbons
5.) Intestinal System
- Lead
- Arsenic
- Fluoride
- Vanadium
6.) Fats
- Chlorinated hydrocarbons
7.) Circulatory system
- Fluoride
- Cadmium
8.) Central Nervous System
- Carbon Monoxide
- Manganese
- Mercury
- Lead
9.) Thyroid Gland
- Iodine 131
- Cobalt
10.) Pulmonary System
- Carbon Monoxide
- Cadmium
- Lead
11.) Renal System
- Mercury
- Cadmium
- Lead
12.) Skeletal System
- Fluoride
- Lead
- Strontium 90
- Zinc
13.) Skin
- Arsenic
- Beryllium
- Nickel
- Chromium
- Mercury

63
Q

 studies the effects of toxicants on living organisms
 studies the mechanisms that cause toxicity
 develops ways to prevent or minimize adverse effects

A

Toxicology

64
Q

Involves studying how chemicals (toxicants), biological agents (disease), and physical hazards (accidents, radiation) affect the health of human populations

A

Epidemiology

65
Q

Adverse effects that occur within a short period after high level exposure to a toxicant.

A

Acute Toxicity

66
Q

Adverse effects that occur after a long period of low-level exposure to a toxicant.

A

Chronic Toxicity

67
Q

Disease with largest environmental contribution

A

Diarrhea

68
Q

Disease with least environmental contribution

A

Lung Cancer, and Dengue

69
Q

Four Step in Risk Assessment

A
  • Hazard Identification
  • Dose-Response Assessment
  • Exposure Assessment
  • Risk Characterization
70
Q

 Dose at which 50% of the population dies
 Crude approximation, but useful in predicting toxic potential

A

LD-50 (Lethal Dose)

71
Q

Dose at which an effect is observed in 50% of the population

A

ED-50 (Effective Dose)

72
Q

 Dose that is toxic to 50% of the population
Used to indicate response (e.g. reduced enzyme activity), or onset of specific symptoms (e.g. nausea)

A

TD-50 (Toxic Dose)

73
Q

The idea that new technologies, practices, or materials should not be adopted until there is strong evidence that they will not adversely affect human or environmental health.

A

Precautionary Principle

74
Q

What is the rank of Philippines?

A

114

75
Q

What is the overall score of the Philippines?

A

44.01

76
Q

Give an agreement that has good progress.

A
  • Vienna convection
  • Montreal Protocol
77
Q

Give an agreement that has some progress.

A
  • WHO Guideline
  • EU directives
  • Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) Convention or Gothenburg Protocol
78
Q

Give an agreement that has very little to no progress.

A
  • UNFCC (United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change)
  • Kyoto Protocol
  • Cancum Agreements
  • EU 20-20-20 Targets
  • Durban Agreements
79
Q
  • The stabilization triangle can be divided into seven “wedges”, each a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over 50 years
  • Has proved to be a useful unit because its size and time frame match what specific technologies can achieve.
  • Many combinations of technologies can fill the seven wedges.
A

The Wedge Concept

80
Q

Give the number of Share CO2 Emission in 2002

A

OECD:
* North America and Mexico = 28%
* Europe = 14%
* East Asia and Oceania 8%
NON-OECD:
* South/ Southeast Asia = 10%
* Africa = 4%
* East Asia = 15%
* Former Soviet Bloc = 12%
* West Asia = 6%

80
Q

Give the number of Share CO2 Emission in 2002

A

OECD:
* North America and Mexico = 28%
* Europe = 14%
* East Asia and Oceania 8%
NON-OECD:
* South/ Southeast Asia = 10%
* Africa = 4%
* East Asia = 15%
* Former Soviet Bloc = 12%
* West Asia = 6%
* Central America and South America = 4%

81
Q

Give The Global Goals for sustainable Development

A

1.) No poverty
2.) No hunger
3.) Good health
4.) Quality education
5.) Gender equality
6.) Clean water and sanitation
7.) Renewable energy
8.) Good jobs and economy
9.) Innovation and infrastructure
10.) Reduced inequalities
11.) Sustainable cities and communities
12.) Responsible consumption
13.) Climate Action
14.) Life under water
15.) Life on land
16.) Peace and justice
17.) Partnerships for the goals

82
Q

Emerging issues in chemicals and waste:

A
  • Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles
  • Plastics
  • Electronic Wastes
  • Endocrine Disruptors
  • Open burning

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