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RCD0 22 > Lesson 1-4 (FINALS) > Flashcards

Lesson 1-4 (FINALS) Flashcards

1
Q

Provides a numeric value indicating the level of radiation exposure to the image receptor

A

Exposure Indicator Range

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2
Q

Background information received by IR.

A

Image Noise

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3
Q

Contributes no useful diagnostic information.

A

Image Noise

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4
Q

Serves only to reduce quality of image within acceptable range

A

Image Noise

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5
Q

Image noise often results in a _____, _____, _____ appearance

A

Mottled, Black and-White, Salt-and-Pepper

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6
Q

Enumerate 4 components of image noise

A
  1. Film graininess
  2. Structure mottle
  3. Quantum mottle
  4. Scatter radiation
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7
Q
  • Refers to the distribution in size and space of silver halide grains in the emulsion
  • Inherent in the image receptor
  • Not under control of the RT
A

Film Graininess

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8
Q
  • Phosphor crystals in the radiographic intensifying screen
  • Inherent in the image receptor
  • Not under control of the RT
A

Structure Mottle

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9
Q
  • Principal contributor to radiographic noise
  • Random nature by which x-rays interact with the image receptor
  • Under the control of RT
A

Quantum Mottle

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10
Q
  • Result of Compton interaction
  • A type of secondary radiation that occurs when the beam intercepts an object, causing the X-rays to be scattered
A

Scatter Radiation

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11
Q

Term used in both digital and film screen imaging to describe the variations in brightness and density

A

Contrast

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12
Q

Radiograph must exhibit differences in brightness levels in order to differentiate anatomic tissues.

A

Contrast

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13
Q

Enumerate 4 types of contrast

A
  1. Long scale contrast
  2. Physical contrast
  3. Short scale contrast
  4. Visible contrast
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14
Q

Demonstrates light difference between structures, has a maximum total number of densities

A

Long Scale Contrast

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15
Q

Refers to an image that demonstrate considerable differences between structures has a minimum total number of densities

A

Short Scale Contrast

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16
Q

Total range of density/exposure
values recorded by image receptor

A

Physical Contrast

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17
Q

Total range of density/exposure values that can perceived by the human eye when looking at image

A

Visible Contrast

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18
Q

Degree of geometric sharpness or accuracy of the structural lines actually recorded in the image

A

Recorded Detail

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19
Q

Enumerate 2 types of image distortion

A
  1. Size distortion
  2. Shape distortion
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20
Q

Image Distortion. Magnification

A

Size Distortion

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21
Q

Enumerate 2 types of shape distortion

A
  1. Elongation
  2. Foreshortening
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22
Q

Unwanted image on radiograph

A

Artifacts

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23
Q

Decrease the overall image quality

A

Artifacts

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24
Q

Enumerate 5 types of artifacts

A
  1. Patient artifacts
  2. Equipment artifacts
  3. Exposure artifacts
  4. Processing artifacts
  5. Moiré effect
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25
Q

Enumerate patient artifacts

A
  1. Clothing artifacts
  2. Foreign body
  3. Motion artifacts
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26
Q

Artifacts. One of the common preventable artifacts in radiographs

A

Clothing Artifacts

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27
Q

Artifacts. e.g. shirt, bra, belt, hair bun, jewelry

A

Clothing Artifacts

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28
Q

Artifacts. Cause: Clothing or jewelry not removed

A

Clothing Artifacts

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29
Q

Artifacts. Action: Retake the image after the patient has removed the offending garment

A

Clothing Artifacts

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30
Q

Artifacts. May be ingested, inserted into a body cavity, or deposited into the body by a traumatic or iatrogenic injury

A

Foreign Body

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31
Q

Artifacts. e.g. coin, bullet, scalpel, gloves

A

Foreign Body

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32
Q

Artifacts. Cause: Objects lying partially or wholly within the body that originated in the external environment

A

Foreign Body

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33
Q

Artifacts. Cause: Voluntary or involuntary movement of patient during exposure

A

Motion Artifacts

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34
Q

Artifacts. Appearance: Blurred image or abnormal shadows

A

Motion Artifacts

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35
Q

Artifacts. Action: Reduce time exposure, good patient communication, immobilization

A

Motion Artifacts

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36
Q

Enumerate equipment artifacts

A
  1. Detector drop artifact
  2. Liquid contamination artifacts
  3. Crack on the imaging plate artifacts
  4. Disparity artifacts
  5. Malfunctioning rollers
  6. Dust particles on imaging plate artifacts
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37
Q

Artifacts. Wireless flat panel detectors get dropped

A

Detector Drop Artifact

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38
Q

Artifacts. Cause: Disruption of the readout circuitry, or loss of adhesion between scintillation and TFT layers

A

Detector Drop Artifact

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39
Q

Artifacts. Appearance: White smoothly edged defect or straight lines

A

Detector Drop Artifact

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40
Q

Artifacts. Action: Protective Cases, Use Handgrip

A

Detector Drop Artifact

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40
Q

Artifacts. Electronic equipment was contaminated with liquid

A

Liquid Contamination Artifacts

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41
Q

Artifacts. Cause: Liquid infiltration into detector that damage the circuitry

A

Liquid Contamination Artifacts

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42
Q

Artifacts. Appearance: Repeated vertical banding and water contamination

A

Liquid Contamination Artifacts

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42
Q

Artifacts. Action: Use watertight protection

A

Liquid Contamination Artifacts

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43
Q

Artifacts. Cause: Damaged imaging plates (external forces)

A

Crack on the Imaging Plate Artifacts

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43
Q

Artifacts. Appearance: Visible cracks or kinks in the image

A

Crack on the Imaging Plate Artifacts

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43
Q

Artifacts. Action: Change imaging plate

A

Crack on the Imaging Plate Artifacts

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44
Q

Artifacts. Defective scanning of the CR reader resulting in alteration of contrast

A

Disparity Artifacts

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44
Q

Artifacts. Cause: Malfunctioning of reader

A

Disparity Artifacts

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45
Q

Artifacts. Appearance: Alteration in image contrast

A

Disparity Artifacts

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46
Q

Artifacts. Action: Periodic cleaning of CR Reader

A

Disparity Artifacts

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46
Q

Artifacts. Cause: Slipping of feed rollers

A

Malfunctioning Rollers

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47
Q

Artifacts. Appearance: Half-read image

A

Malfunctioning Rollers

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48
Q

Artifacts. Action: Periodic cleaning and recalibration of feed rollers

A

Malfunctioning Rollers

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49
Q

Artifacts. Cause: Dust particle wedged over imaging plate

A

Dust Particles on Imaging Plate Artifacts

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50
Q

Artifacts. Appearance: Focal radiopacities

A

Dust Particles on Imaging Plate Artifacts

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50
Q

Artifacts. Action: Regular cleaning of imaging plates with proper cleaner (ethyl alcohol). Use lint-free cloth.

A

Dust Particles on Imaging Plate Artifacts

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51
Q

Enumerate exposure artifacts

A
  1. Light bulb effect
  2. Twin artifacts / Double exposure
  3. Delayed scanning
  4. Exposure through back of cassette
51
Q

Artifacts. Cause: High kV, scatter radiation, or improper collimation

A

Light Bulb Effect

52
Q

Artifacts. Appearance: Darkening of lower and outer portions of an image

A

Light Bulb Effect

52
Q

Artifacts. Action: Reduce back scatter by lowering kV or collimating properly

A

Light Bulb Effect

52
Q

Artifacts. Cause: Two subsequent exposure on same imaging plate

A

Twin Artifacts / Double Exposure

53
Q

Artifacts. Appearance: Duplication of images

A

Twin Artifacts / Double Exposure

53
Q

Artifacts. Action: Proper knowledge of using X-ray Equipment.

A

Twin Artifacts / Double Exposure

54
Q

Artifacts. Causes Delay between acquisition and processing of image (12 hours beyond)

A

Delayed Scanning

54
Q

Artifacts. Appearance: Fading of Image

A

Delayed Scanning

55
Q

Artifacts. Action: Proper knowledge of Radiographers to check that no delay occurs between acquisition and processing

A

Delayed Scanning

56
Q

Artifacts. Cause: Placing the back portion of cassette facing front

A

Exposure Through Back of Cassette

56
Q

Artifacts. Appearance: Various patterns according to cassette design

A

Exposure Through Back of Cassette

56
Q

Artifacts. Action: Pay attention when placing cassette

A

Exposure Through Back of Cassette

57
Q

Enumerate processing artifacts

A
  1. Communication error artifact
  2. Midgray clipping artifact
  3. Improper erasure setting artifact
  4. Finger mark artifact
  5. Hyporetention artifact
58
Q

Artifacts. Cause: Power failure during image transmission

A

Communication Error Artifact

58
Q

Artifacts. Appearance: Missing lines or pixels in resulting image

A

Communication Error Artifact

59
Q

Artifacts. Action: Repeat procedure

A

Communication Error Artifact

59
Q

Artifacts. Cause: Poor contrast enhancement

A

Midgray Clipping Artifact

60
Q

Artifacts. Appearance: Loss of contrast in certain areas

A

Midgray Clipping Artifact

60
Q

Artifacts. Action: Adjust image processing settings

A

Midgray Clipping Artifact

60
Q

Artifacts. Cause: Malfunctioning of the erasure light

A

Improper Erasure Setting Artifact

61
Q

Artifacts. Appearance: Residual image is left in IP

A

Improper Erasure Setting Artifact

62
Q

Artifacts. Action: Replace the erasure light

A

Improper Erasure Setting Artifact

63
Q

Artifacts. Cause: Improper handling of film

A

Finger Mark Artifact

63
Q

Artifacts. Appearance: Presence of finger mark in the film

A

Finger Mark Artifact

64
Q

Artifacts. Action: Keep fingers dry and clean. Touch only film edges

A

Finger Mark Artifact

65
Q

Artifacts. Cause: Inadequate washing

A

Hyporetention Artifact

65
Q

Artifacts. Appearance: Yellowish stain that appears on finished radiograph

A

Hyporetention Artifact

66
Q

Artifacts. Action: Adequate washing of film

A

Hyporetention Artifact

66
Q

Artifacts. Cause: Incorrectly oriented grid whereas the grid lines are running parallel to the plate readers scan of the lines

A

Moiré Effect

67
Q

Artifacts. Appearance: A wavelike, cloudy or frosted appearance of textile fabrics or metallic surfaces

A

Moiré Effect

67
Q

Artifacts. Action: Apply a slight blur or smoothing filter to the affected areas of the image

A

Moiré Effect

68
Q

A program used by management to maintain
optimal diagnostic image quality with minimum hazard and distress to patients.

A

Quality Assurance

68
Q

Enumerate daily QC duties for technologies

A
  1. Inspect and clean cassettes
  2. Inspect hinge and latch
  3. Erase imaging plates
  4. Verify digital interfaces and network transmission
  5. Inspect laser printer
69
Q

A quality indicator and critical tool for dose and image quality optimization in radiology departments.

A

Reject Analysis

69
Q

Responsibility of Radiation Physicist

A
  1. Conducting test to ensure the safety and proper performance of imaging equipment used
  2. May handle multiple medical facilities, visiting each one on a weekly or monthly basis
  3. Employed by only one facility and be much
    more active in determining review procedures
70
Q

_____ are monitors used by radiologist for
diagnostic interpretation.

A

Primary Monitors

71
Q

The monitor of the technologist should also be of _____ _____.

A

High Quality

72
Q

A display monitor having diagonal dimensions of _____ is adequate to view images sized _____.

A

54cm & 35 x 43 cm

72
Q

Enumerate types of monitor

A
  1. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
  2. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
72
Q

Major components are the electron gun encasing a cathode focusing coils and deflecting coils, and the anode.

A

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

73
Q

This type of display monitor typically has a curved face plate, and its dimensions are deeper

A

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

73
Q

Replaced the CRT’s and newer technologies

A

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

74
Q

This monitor passes light through liquid
crystals to display the image on the
glass faceplate.

A

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

75
Q

The electrical signals can vary the light waveforms that pass through the crystals for viewing on the faceplate.

A

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

76
Q

It is high-contrast single-emulsion film with extremely fine grain, also known as IR film

A

Laser Film

77
Q

A silver halide film sensitized red light (panchromatic) or laser light, e.g., HN Laser Film, IR Laser Film

A

Laser Film

78
Q

It is the manner in which many computers can be connected with one another.

A

Network

79
Q

In some countries, _____ _____ are used for medical data.

A

National Network

80
Q

In the _____ department, in additional to secretarial workstation, the network may consist of various types of devices that allow storage, retrieval and viewing of images, PACS workstation, a departmental mainframe, hospital mainframe.

A

Radiology

81
Q

A database application which primarily stores the demographic and contact details of patients as well as national identifiers and local identifiers.

A

Hospital Information System (HIS)

82
Q

Hospital Information System (HIS) – also known as _____ or _____.

A

Master Patient Index or Patient Administration System

83
Q

A generic name for an application or group of application used to handle the textual data related to imaging procedures.

A

Radiology Information System (RIS)

84
Q

The first RIS were simply created as a replacement to the _____ that was widely used at that time.

A

Paper Diaries

85
Q

RIS are _____ to Radiology, other department have similar systems.

A

Unique

86
Q

Information of the Radiology Information System (RIS) can be shared with the _____

A

HIS

87
Q

A centralized computer-based system designed to manage healthcare images acquired as part of the examination process via digital image acquisition modalities.

A

Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS)

88
Q

Enumerate functions of RIS

A
  1. Patient Registration
  2. Exam Scheduling
  3. Patient Tracking
  4. Film Archiving
  5. Report Generation
89
Q

Uses a server to store and allow facile access to highquality radiologic images, including conventional films, CT, MRI, PET scans and other medical images over a network

A

Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS)

90
Q

It serves as the file room, reading room, duplicator, and courier

A

Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS)

91
Q

Early PACS were developed by the _____ in an effort to move images among veterinary administration (VA) hospitals

A

U.S military

92
Q

Many PACS _____ _____ also have image
processing capabilities

A

Reading Stations

93
Q

Enumerate functions of PACS

A
  1. Acquire
  2. Store
  3. View
94
Q

Functions of PACS. PACS currently receives studies from modalities such as x-ray, MRI, CT scan, Ultrasound, and Nuclear Medicine

A

Acquire

95
Q

Functions of PACS. Annually the PACS receives 860,000 studies from 14 hospital organization

A

Store

96
Q

Functions of PACS. Radiologist interpret the studies using PACS, while Clinicians and either allied healthcare professionals access patients’ images and reports using PACS.

A

View

97
Q

Enumerate PACS components

A
  1. Image and Data Acquisition Gateway
  2. Display Workstation
  3. PACS Server and Archive
98
Q

PACS Components. It is any computer that a health care worker uses to view a digital image

A

Display Workstation

98
Q

PACS Components. Acquire images reliably and in a timely manner from each radiological imaging modality via the acquisition

A

Image and Data Acquisition Gateway

99
Q

A course of action designed to help an organization to respond effectively to a significant future event.

A

Contingency Plan

99
Q

PACS Components. It is composed of a database server or image manager, short term and long-term storage, and a computer that controls the PACS workflow, known as a workflow manager

A

PACS Server and Archive

100
Q

A standard protocol for the management and transmission of medical images and related data and is used in many healthcare facilities management, scheduling of acquisition and notification of completion, and security profiles

A

Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM)

101
Q

The contingency plan should include emergency resource contacts, an overview of the goals of the plan, and instructions for four types of downtime: ___, ___, ___ and ___.

A

Power, RIS, PACS, and Network

102
Q

A term used to describe the reading of images from outside of the hospital’s walls.

A

Teleradiology

103
Q

This is where images are acquired in one location, stored on a single PACS, but reported from a different physical location without the images being copied

A

Teleradiology

104
Q

Enumerate radiographer responsibilities

A
  1. Access work order (worklist)
  2. Post-processing
  3. Annotation issues
  4. Transmitting images to PACS
  5. Workflow
105
Q

These are computer software operations available to the radiographer and radiologist that allow manual manipulation of the displayed image

A

Post-Processing

106
Q

Image annotation allows selection of preset terms and or manual text input that can be particularly useful when such additional information is necessary. Input of annotation for identification of patient’s left or right side should never be used as a substitute for technologist’s anatomy markers.

A

Annotation Issues

107
Q

Term that can be used in any industry or in any organization. It simply means how a process is done, step by step.

A

Workflow

108
Q

In radiology, we have always used the term _____ to describe how we complete an examination from order entry to transcribed report.

A

Workflow

109
Q

Film-Based Workflow

A
  1. Order-entry
  2. Exam performed
  3. Film processed
  4. Film interpreted
  5. Transcribed report
110
Q

Generic PACS Workflow

A
  1. Order-entry
  2. Exam performed
  3. Image processed
  4. Image interpreted
  5. Transcribed report
111
Q

Enumerate direct relationship with mAs

A
  1. Px dose
  2. Quantity
  3. Intensity
  4. Ampere
  5. No. of X-ray
    (PQDIAN)
112
Q

Enumerate inverse relationship with kVp

A
  1. Wavelength
  2. Contrast
  3. Px dose
    (WE CAN PASS)
113
Q

Enumerate inverse relationship with SID

A
  1. Px dose
  2. Intensity
  3. Density
    (PX DID)
114
Q

Meaning of HLLWM

A
  1. High kVp
  2. Low contrast
  3. Long scale
  4. Wide latitude
  5. Many shades of gray

RCD0 22 (3 decks)

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