Lesson 1-4

Question 1

Self-Esteem

Answer 1

1. How Individuals evaluate their own worth and capabilities
2. Broader sense of self-worth and self-acceptance

Question 2

Self Perception

Answer 2

1. How you see yourself and you think others see you
2. The higher your self-esteem the more confident you are in yourself (vise-versa)

Question 3

(Subliminal) Priming Effect

Answer 3

Exposure to a stimulus affects how we think and act, even if we’re aware of it or not

Question 4

Overconfidence Phenomenon

Answer 4

Tendency to be more confident then correct, leading to overestimation of our own knowledge and abilities.
- Can apply to judgments about others, behaviours or self-assessment

Question 5

Heuristics and Decision-making

Answer 5

1. Mental short-cuts that can lead to efficient decision-making
2. Results in errors of judgment

Question 6

2 Types of Heuristics

Answer 6

1. Availability
2. Representative

Question 7

Availability Heuristic

Answer 7

Relies on how easily examples come to mind when assessing probabilities or making judgment
(Look at social 3 for example)

Question 8

Representative Heuristic

Answer 8

Judging the likelihood of an event based on how well it fits the mental prototype or stereotype
(Look at social 3 for example)

Question 9

Belief Perseverance

Answer 9

Tendency to hold onto beliefs even in the face of new evidence
(Trying to convince ppl is hard bc they dont wanna admit wrongfulness)

Question 10

Misinformation Effect

Answer 10

Misinfo Paradigm: Individuals witnessed an event (simulated accident) and later receive misleading info

Question 11

Rosy Retrospection

Answer 11

Tendency to remember past events more favourably then they actually occur
(Ex., recall past relationships as happier then they were)

Question 12

Self-fullfilling prophecy

Answer 12

Beliefs about individuals can lead to actions that confirms those beliefs
(Ex., if bank is unstable, their actions can contribute to its instability)

Question 13

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Answer 13

Tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Question 14

Low ball technique

Answer 14

Takes advantage of psychological effect of making a commitment

Question 15

Door-in-face effect

Answer 15

Tendency for people who have declined a large request to agree to a smaller request
(Very effective, especially when the norms of reciprocity is salient)

Question 16

Dissonance theory

Answer 16

Predicts that when our actions are not fully explained by external rewards or coercion
- Experience dissonance, which can reduce by believing in what we have done

Question 17

Dissonance after decisions

Answer 17

1. Choose between two equally (un)attractive alternatives
2. Unattractive feature on chosen alternative and desirable feature of rejected alternative remain
3. Create dissonance
4. “Manage” dissonance by upgrading chosen alternative and downgrading the rejected alternative

Question 18

Social Influence Definition

Answer 18

Social cues that impact how one behaves and adjusts their self-schema
(Ex., behave more professionally at a business meeting, more relaxed and informal with friends)

Question 19

Automatic Thinking (processing)

Answer 19

1. Fast and automatic
2. Occurs without much conscious effort
3. Influenced by patterns developed through experience
   (Ex., intuition or gut feeling)

Question 20

Conscious thinking

Answer 20

1. Slower and requires conscious efforts
2. Deliberate, intentional and includes problem solving
3. Used in situations that require careful thought
   (Ex., solving a problem)

Question 21

Social intuition

Answer 21

Skill that makes assumptions about what actions others are likely to be and what their intentions, emotions and thoughts are

Question 22

Social Neuroscience

Answer 22

Integration of biological and social perspectives that explore the neural and psychological bases of social and emotional behaviours

Question 23

Dual-attitude system

Answer 23

Automatic and implicit processing
1. Unconscious processing (non-conscious mind)
2. Conscious and deliberate

Question 24

Biological Perspective

Answer 24

1. Basic needs (relating to each other)
2. Relationships being a source of comfort and foundation of self-esteem
3. Being excluded from a source of pain

Question 25

Social Perspective

Answer 25

1. Values and culture 2. Analysis of data 3. Social thinking 4. Social influence 5. Social relations

Question 26

Social thinking

Answer 26

1. How we perceive ourselves and others 2. What we believe 3. Judgments and attitudes

Question 27

Social influence factors

Answer 27

1. Culture and biology 2. Pressures to conform 3. Persuasion 4. Groups of people

Question 28

Social relations factors

Answer 28

1. Helping 2. Aggression 3. Attraction and intimacy 4. Prejudice

Question 29

Psychological perspective factors

Answer 29

1. Hidden values 2. Forming concepts (e.g., labelling, naturalistic fallacy) 4. Common sense (invoke it, after we know the facts) 5. Hindsight bias (tendency to exaggerate a learning outcome and foreseen it)

Question 30

Hypothesis Formation

Answer 30

1. Theory 2. Hypothesis 3. Correlation vs causation

Question 31

Theory

Answer 31

Integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events

Question 32

Hypothesis

Answer 32

Testable proposition describing the relationship that may exist between events

Question 33

Correlational research

Answer 33

1. Study of naturally occurring relationship among variables 2. Allows prediction; doesn’t infer causation

Question 34

Experimental research: Control

Answer 34

Manipulating variables 1. manipulate independent variables 2. Measure dependent variable

Question 35

Random Sampling

Answer 35

1. Each person has equal likelihood of being put in each condition of experiment 2. Creates equivalent group 3. Conclude observed effects not to extraneous factors

Question 36

Counterfactual thinking

Answer 36

1. Ruminating on past and decision-making 2. Plays the “what if” game 3. Triggered by negative effects that lead to regret

Question 37

Self-imposed barriers

Answer 37

Beliefs and attitudes we hold about ourselves that limit our potential (E.g., bad past experiences, fear of failure)

Question 38

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 38

Tendency for people to assume a person’s actions depend on what kind of person they are - Don’t take into account environmental forced that influence the person

Question 39

Illusory Correlation

Answer 39

People perceive relationship btwn 2 variables even when no relationship exists (E.g., superstitions)