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Social Psychology > Lesson 1-4 > Flashcards

Lesson 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Self-Esteem

A
  1. How Individuals evaluate their own worth and capabilities
  2. Broader sense of self-worth and self-acceptance
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2
Q

Self Perception

A
  1. How you see yourself and you think others see you
  2. The higher your self-esteem the more confident you are in yourself (vise-versa)
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3
Q

(Subliminal) Priming Effect

A

Exposure to a stimulus affects how we think and act, even if we’re aware of it or not

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4
Q

Overconfidence Phenomenon

A

Tendency to be more confident then correct, leading to overestimation of our own knowledge and abilities.
- Can apply to judgments about others, behaviours or self-assessment

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5
Q

Heuristics and Decision-making

A
  1. Mental short-cuts that can lead to efficient decision-making
  2. Results in errors of judgment
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6
Q

2 Types of Heuristics

A
  1. Availability
  2. Representative
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7
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Relies on how easily examples come to mind when assessing probabilities or making judgment
(Look at social 3 for example)

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8
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

Judging the likelihood of an event based on how well it fits the mental prototype or stereotype
(Look at social 3 for example)

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9
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Tendency to hold onto beliefs even in the face of new evidence
(Trying to convince ppl is hard bc they dont wanna admit wrongfulness)

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10
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Misinfo Paradigm: Individuals witnessed an event (simulated accident) and later receive misleading info

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11
Q

Rosy Retrospection

A

Tendency to remember past events more favourably then they actually occur
(Ex., recall past relationships as happier then they were)

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12
Q

Self-fullfilling prophecy

A

Beliefs about individuals can lead to actions that confirms those beliefs
(Ex., if bank is unstable, their actions can contribute to its instability)

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13
Q

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

Tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

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14
Q

Low ball technique

A

Takes advantage of psychological effect of making a commitment

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15
Q

Door-in-face effect

A

Tendency for people who have declined a large request to agree to a smaller request
(Very effective, especially when the norms of reciprocity is salient)

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16
Q

Dissonance theory

A

Predicts that when our actions are not fully explained by external rewards or coercion
- Experience dissonance, which can reduce by believing in what we have done

17
Q

Dissonance after decisions

A
  1. Choose between two equally (un)attractive alternatives
  2. Unattractive feature on chosen alternative and desirable feature of rejected alternative remain
  3. Create dissonance
  4. “Manage” dissonance by upgrading chosen alternative and downgrading the rejected alternative
18
Q

Social Influence Definition

A

Social cues that impact how one behaves and adjusts their self-schema
(Ex., behave more professionally at a business meeting, more relaxed and informal with friends)

19
Q

Automatic Thinking (processing)

A
  1. Fast and automatic
  2. Occurs without much conscious effort
  3. Influenced by patterns developed through experience
    (Ex., intuition or gut feeling)
20
Q

Conscious thinking

A
  1. Slower and requires conscious efforts
  2. Deliberate, intentional and includes problem solving
  3. Used in situations that require careful thought
    (Ex., solving a problem)
21
Q

Social intuition

A

Skill that makes assumptions about what actions others are likely to be and what their intentions, emotions and thoughts are

22
Q

Social Neuroscience

A

Integration of biological and social perspectives that explore the neural and psychological bases of social and emotional behaviours

23
Q

Dual-attitude system

A

Automatic and implicit processing
1. Unconscious processing (non-conscious mind)
2. Conscious and deliberate

24
Q

Biological Perspective

A
  1. Basic needs (relating to each other)
  2. Relationships being a source of comfort and foundation of self-esteem
  3. Being excluded from a source of pain
25
Q

Social Perspective

A
  1. Values and culture
  2. Analysis of data
  3. Social thinking
  4. Social influence
  5. Social relations
26
Q

Social thinking

A
  1. How we perceive ourselves and others
  2. What we believe
  3. Judgments and attitudes
27
Q

Social influence factors

A
  1. Culture and biology
  2. Pressures to conform
  3. Persuasion
  4. Groups of people
28
Q

Social relations factors

A
  1. Helping
  2. Aggression
  3. Attraction and intimacy
  4. Prejudice
29
Q

Psychological perspective factors

A
  1. Hidden values
  2. Forming concepts (e.g., labelling, naturalistic fallacy)
  3. Common sense (invoke it, after we know the facts)
  4. Hindsight bias (tendency to exaggerate a learning outcome and foreseen it)
30
Q

Hypothesis Formation

A
  1. Theory
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Correlation vs causation
31
Q

Theory

A

Integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events

32
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable proposition describing the relationship that may exist between events

33
Q

Correlational research

A
  1. Study of naturally occurring relationship among variables
  2. Allows prediction; doesn’t infer causation
34
Q

Experimental research: Control

A

Manipulating variables
1. manipulate independent variables
2. Measure dependent variable

35
Q

Random Sampling

A
  1. Each person has equal likelihood of being put in each condition of experiment
  2. Creates equivalent group
  3. Conclude observed effects not to extraneous factors
36
Q

Counterfactual thinking

A
  1. Ruminating on past and decision-making
  2. Plays the “what if” game
  3. Triggered by negative effects that lead to regret
37
Q

Self-imposed barriers

A

Beliefs and attitudes we hold about ourselves that limit our potential
(E.g., bad past experiences, fear of failure)

38
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Tendency for people to assume a person’s actions depend on what kind of person they are
- Don’t take into account environmental forced that influence the person

39
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

People perceive relationship btwn 2 variables even when no relationship exists
(E.g., superstitions)

Social Psychology (3 decks)

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