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ORTHO > LESSON 1&2 (not Finished) (base On The Pdf) > Flashcards

LESSON 1&2 (not Finished) (base On The Pdf) Flashcards

1
Q

knowledge of facial and _________ and development, hep to treat early malocclusion through prevention, interception, or early correction of interferences
with normal development that lead to malocclusion

A

somatic growth

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2
Q

A progressive development

A

Growth

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3
Q

state of going through natural growth, differentiation or evolution through successive changes

A

Development

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4
Q

the emergence of personal characteristics or features through a growth process; attainment of adult function and size due to proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis

A

Maturation

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5
Q

the growth of different organs or parts at different rates

A

Differential Growth

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6
Q

DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES OF AN EMBRYO

A

Induction

Proliferation

Differentiation

Morphogenesis

Maturation

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7
Q

action of one group of cells on another that leads to the developmental pathway in the responding tissue; interaction between developing embryonic cells

A

Induction

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8
Q

cellular growth; mitosis

A

Proliferation

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9
Q

change in identical embryonic cells to become structurally and functionally distinct; process of specialization of embryonic cells

A

Differentiation

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10
Q

development of specific tissue structure or differing form due to cell migration and induction

A

Morphogenesis

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11
Q

attainment of adult function and size; emergence of personal characteristics or features through a growth process

A

Maturation

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12
Q

PERIODS OF PRENATAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

→ from fertilization to implantation

A

Period of the Ovum

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13
Q

PERIODS OF PRENATAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

→ 0-1 week

A

Period of the Ovum

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14
Q

PERIODS OF PRENATAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

→ 2-8 weeks

A

Period of the Embryo

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15
Q

PERIODS OF PRENATAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

→ largely cellular proliferation and migration

A

Period of the Embryo

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16
Q

PERIODS OF PRENATAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

→ differentiation of all major internal and external
organs (morphogenesis)

A

Period of the Embryo

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17
Q

PERIODS OF PRENATAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

→ very vulnerable stage

A

Period of the Embryo

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18
Q

PERIODS OF PRENATAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

→ 8 weeks to 9 months

A

Period of the Fetus

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19
Q

PERIODS OF PRENATAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

maturation of existing structures

A

Period of the Fetus

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20
Q

PERIOD OF THE OVUM another term

A

PRE-IMPLANTATION PERIOD

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21
Q

0 TO 3 DAYS

A

PERIOD OF THE OVUM (PRE-IMPLANTATION PERIOD)

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22
Q

During 0 TO 3 DAYS there’s a formation of zygote (spermatozoon fertilizes an oocyte) in the oviduct (ampulla of the uterine duct)

A

PERIOD OF THE OVUM (PRE-IMPLANTATION PERIOD)

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23
Q

zygote undergoes cleavage (series of mitotic divisions as the zygote moves along the uterine tube to the uterus) to form blastomeres

At what day also?

A

PERIOD OF THE OVUM (PRE-IMPLANTATION PERIOD)

0 TO 3 DAYS

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24
Q

formation of the morula which enters the uterus 3 days after fertilization

A

PERIOD OF THE OVUM (PRE-IMPLANTATION PERIOD)

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25
Q

formation of the blastocyst (a morula with a fluid-filled space called blastocyst cavity or blastocele)

A

PERIOD OF THE OVUM (PRE-IMPLANTATION PERIOD)

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26
Q

During these day

implantation
o blastocyst adheres to the surface of the endometrium

A

AT 6 DAYS

PERIOD OF THE OVUM (PRE-IMPLANTATION PERIOD)

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27
Q

formation of (2) cells from the blastocyst

A

Trophoblast

Embryoblast

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28
Q

→ outer cell mass
→ single layer of cells covering the outer
portion of the blastocyst

A

Trophoblast

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29
Q

→ develops into the placenta and other
peripheral structures associated with the embryo

A

Trophoblast

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30
Q

→ inner cell mass
→ group of cells inside the trophoblast that
develops into the embryo

A

Embryoblast

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31
Q

period of organogenesis

A

o 1/100 to 4/100 inch

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32
Q

“week of the two’s”; bilaminar disk stage

A

PERIOD OF THE EMBRYO (EMBRYONIC PERIOD)

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33
Q

formation of (2) layers from the trophoblast:

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

Cytotrophoblast

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34
Q

inner multinucleated cells

A

Cytotrophoblast

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35
Q

→ outer multinucleated cells
→ invades endometrial tissue and
erodes capillaries causing maternal blood to flow into cavities within the _____

A

syncytiotrophoblast

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36
Q

formation of a bilaminar disk from the embryoblast:

A

Hypoblast

Epiblast

[[[[[[[PERIOD OF THE EMBRYO (EMBRYONIC PERIOD)]]]]]

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37
Q

squamous or cuboidal cells adjacent to the blastocyst cavity

A

Hypoblast

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38
Q

→ later known as the primitive yolk sac
→ primitive endoderm

A

Hypoblast

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39
Q

columnar cells that is separated from the cytotrophoblast by space called amniotic cavity, primitive ectoderm

A

Epiblast

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40
Q

trilaminar disk stage

A

THIRD WEEK OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

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41
Q

→ gastrulation (the bilaminar disk is converted into a trilaminar
disk)

A

THIRD WEEK OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

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42
Q

period of the “three’s”

o formation of the (3) embryonic or germ layers

o formation of the primitive streak, notochord, and neural
tube

A

THIRD WEEK OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

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43
Q

begins when the primitive streak is formed; its formation will cause the disk to have right and left half wherein each half will be a mirror of the other

A

TRILAMINAR DISK

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44
Q

a narrow trough with slightly bulging sides that develops in the midline of the epiblast toward the caudal end; develops when ectodermal cells along the central axis proliferate to form a rounded elevation that later becomes a linear structure

A

Primitive Streak

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45
Q

located at the cranial end of the primitive streak

A

Primitive Pit

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46
Q

elevated portion around the primitive pit; mesodermal cells that will form the notochord

A

Primitive Node

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47
Q

movement or migration of cells to the primitive streak and primitive node which detach from the epiblast and continues to grow beneath the epiblast

A

INVAGINATION

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48
Q

innermost layer composed of cells that displace the hypoblast

A

Endoderm

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49
Q

composed of cells between the endoderm and the epiblast; formed by the movement of some cells of the epiblast toward the hypoblast at the primitive streak

A

Mesoderm

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50
Q

composed o the remaining cells of the epiblast

A

Ectoderm

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51
Q

cells that invaginate into the primitive streak and node grows cranially to form a cellular rod called the ___________ that runs longitudinally in the midline of the trilaminar disk

A

notochordal process

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52
Q

→ represents the early midline of the embryo where the axial skeleton will form
→ future site of the vertebral column

A

NOTOCHORD

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53
Q

At the end of the third week, the total length is ______

A

1.0 mm

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54
Q

> 5mm

> embryo begins to form a tubular structure

A

FOURTH WEEK OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

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55
Q

in front of the primitive streak is the _____

A

primitive node

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56
Q

mesodermal cells that will form the notochord

A

primitive node

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57
Q

a neural plate forms

A

neuroectoderm

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58
Q

also have differentiation of cells from the ectoderm to form the _____

A

neuroectoderm

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59
Q

At the end of the third week, the total length is.

A

1.0 mm

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60
Q

embryo folds along this tube–results from extensive proliferation of the ectoderm and the differentiation of specific tissues at the cephalic end

What week?

A

FOURTH WEEK OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

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61
Q

folding results in the formation of the primitive oral
cavity

A

stomodeum

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62
Q

development of a head fold

What week?

A

FOURTH WEEK OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

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63
Q

head formation
- rostral or head fold
- anterior portion of the neural tube expands as the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

What week?

A

FOURTH WEEK OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

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64
Q

→ process of the development of the neural tube from the closure of the neural plate and neural fold

A

NEURULATION

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65
Q

→ day18
→ occurs when the notochord and adjacent mesenchyme causes the
ectoderm to form the neural plate
→ mesodermal cells that will form the notochord

A

NEURULATION

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66
Q

thickening of the ectoderm over the notochord that will fold to form the neural groove

A

Neural Plate

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67
Q

cells of the neural plate

A

Neuroectoderm

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68
Q

elevated lateral edges of the neural plate; form the cells of the neural crest

A

Neural Folds

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69
Q

→ cells from the neural folds
→ migratory (migrates throughout the
body and differentiates into various
structures)
→ population of cells

A

Neural Crest Cells

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70
Q

multipotent

A

Neural Crest Cells

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71
Q

gives rise to ectodermal tissues and
mesenchyme in specific areas of the head/face

A

Neural Crest Cells

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72
Q

provides the embryonic connective tissue needed for craniofacial development (face, neck, and oral tissues)

A

Neural Crest Cells

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73
Q

a groove located between the neural folds
that fuses to form the neural tube

A

Neural Groove

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74
Q

result of the fusion of the neural folds at the midline on the fourth week of development that will later give rise to
the
brain and spinal cord

A

Neural Tube

75
Q

portions of the mesoderm that do not form the notochord divide into sections called

A

somites

76
Q

→ specific body regions and structures

→ masses of mesoderm along the sides of the neural tube to form
the striated muscles of face, jaw and throat, dermis, and
vertebrae

A

somites

77
Q

Number of somite pairs give rise to most of the skeletal structures of the
head, neck, and trunk

A

38

78
Q

located on either side of the neural tube to give rise to skeleton
and muscle tissue

A

SOMITES

79
Q

True or false

1st occipital and 5th to 7th coccygeal disappear while the rest
form the axial skeleton

A

True

80
Q

the flat trilaminar disk folds to form the typical ____-shaped embryo

A

C

81
Q

due to the folding of the endodermal-lined yolk sac into the embryo

A

formation of the primordial gut (foregut, midgut, and hindgut)

82
Q

consists of bilaterally paired arches, 5 pouches (clefts), 6 grooves and membranes

A

PHARYNGEAL (BRANCHIAL) APPARATUS

83
Q

fissures that separate the pharyngeal arches on the external surface of the embryo

A

Pharyngeal Grooves or Clefts

84
Q

separates the arches on the inner surface of the embryo; represents the extensions of the development pharynx between the inner surface of the adjacent pairs of arches

A

Pharyngeal Pouches

85
Q

tissue between the pouches and clefts that connects the adjacent arches

A

Pharyngeal Membranes

86
Q

has a major role in the formation of structures of the head and neck (face, oral cavity, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx)

A

PHARYNGEAL (BRANCHIAL) APPARATUS

87
Q

6 pairs of bars that form lateral or at the sides of the primordial pharynx (develops from the foregut) that develops due to the migration of neural crest cells into the head and neck region

A

PHARYNGEAL ARCHES

88
Q

True or false

the fifth arch disappears soon after formation

A

True

89
Q

True or false

the first 4 arches are well-developed in humans

A

True

90
Q

only the first and second arches extend to the ___

A

midline

91
Q

the 3rd, 4th, 5th arch are divided in the midline by the
developing ____

A

heart

92
Q

What composed of PHARYNGEAL ARCHES?

A

each has a nerve, cartilage, and arterial component

93
Q

all structures that form the arch are innervated by the
associated ____

A

cranial nerve

94
Q

only groove that gives to structure in the adult

A

Groove 1

95
Q

Groove:

derivative: external auditory meatus

A

Groove 1

96
Q

gives rise to the cervical sinus that becomes obliterated during the development of the neck

A

Groove 2

97
Q

In PHARYNGEAL MEMBRANE, membrane 1 forms the _____

A

tympanic membrane

98
Q

True or false

In PHARYNGEAL MEMBRANE, the remaining membranes regress

A

True

99
Q

derivatives:
o tympanic cavity
o auditory or Eustachian tube
o mastoid antrum

A

PHARYNGEAL POUCHES 1

100
Q

derivatives:
o crypts of palatine tonsil

A

PHARYNGEAL POUCHES

101
Q

derivatives:
o inferior parathyroid gland o thymus

A

PHARYNGEAL POUCHES 3

102
Q

derivatives:
o superior parathyroid gland
o parafollicular cells (cells that produce calcitonin)

A

PHARYNGEAL POUCHES 4

103
Q

regresses

What PHARYNGEAL POUCHES?

A

PHARYNGEAL POUCHES 5

104
Q

ectodermal swellings or prominences that are
filled with mesodermal and neural crest cells

A

primordia

105
Q

True or false

EVENTS IN THE FORMATION OF FACIAL STRUCTURES

fusion of the medial ends of the mandibular processes in the midline for the chin and lower lip

A

True

106
Q

5TH WEEK
→ nasal placodes develop_______ on the surface ectoderm on the lower part of the frontonasal prominence

A

bilaterally

107
Q

5TH WEEK

___________ proliferates at the margins of the placodes and produces the medial and lateral nasal processes that transforms the placodes into nasal pits (future nostrils)

A

mesenchyme

108
Q

the lateral nasal processes is separated from the maxillary process by a groove called the __________ which disappears to form the nasolacrimal duct

A

nasolacrimal groove

109
Q

the developing eyes comes forward to the face as the
frontonasal prominence ______

A

narrows

110
Q

6TH WEEK
→ the medial nasal processes merge in the midline to form the ________

A

intermaxillary segment

111
Q

6TH WEEK

will give rise to the center of the upper lip, philtrum, primary palate, and part of the alveolar process for the upper incisors

A

intermaxillary segment

112
Q

→ lateral portion of upper lip

→ upper cheek
→ secondary palate

A

Maxillary Processes

113
Q

→ forehead
→ dorsum and bridge of nose

A

Frontonasal Prominence

114
Q

→ intermaxillary segment
→ midline of nose
→ nasal septum

A

Medial Nasal Processes

115
Q

ala of the nose

A

Lateral Nasal Processes

116
Q

entire upper lip

A

Medial Nasal Prominence and Maxillary Processes

117
Q

→ external nose

A

Frontonasal Prominence, Medial, and Lateral Nasal Processes

118
Q

→ lower lip
→ lower cheek → chin

A

Mandibular Processes

119
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

Week?

A

6 to 12 weeks

120
Q

→ the triangular shaped part of the palate anterior to the incisive foramen
→ arises from the intermaxillary segment

A

Primary Palate

121
Q

→ gives rise to the hard and soft palate posterior to the incisive foramen
→ arise from the internal aspect of the maxillary processes as lateral palatine shelves

A

Secondary Palate

122
Q

→ initially, the ______ are widely separated since they project vertically on each side of the tongue

A

lateral palatine processes

123
Q

clinical remnant of the fusion of the palatine shelves

A

Median Palatine Raphe

124
Q

marks the junction of the primary palate and the lateral palatine shelves

A

Incisive foramen

125
Q

a congenital abnormality that results from the failure of the fusion of the medial nasal processes and maxillary processes

A

Cleft Lip

126
Q

a congenital abnormality that results from the failure of the fusion of the lateral palatine shelves to each other, with the nasal septum, or with the primary palate

A

Cleft Palate

127
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF THE TONGUE starts with the enlargement of the ____

A

tuberculum
impar

128
Q

the mucosa of the posterior 1⁄3 or base of the tongue develops
from the _______

A

hypobranchial eminence

129
Q

the V-shaped demarcation or line of fusion between the body and base of the tongue

A

Terminal Sulcus or Sulcus Terminalis

130
Q

the point where the first and 2nd arches unite and is located at the apex or just behind the terminal sulcus in the midline

A

Foramen Caecum

131
Q

facial nerve

A

Taste Buds

132
Q

trigeminal nerve

A

Body of the Tongue

133
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Base of the Tongue

134
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A

Skeletal Muscle of Tongue

135
Q

True or false

first structure to develop in the lower jaw:

o mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

A

True

136
Q

at 6 weeks:

__________ extends or forms a solid hyaline
cartilaginous rod surrounded by a fibrocellular capsule

A

Mecke’s cartilage

137
Q

at 7 weeks:

_______ spreads anteriorly and
posteriorly to form the bone of the mandible

A

intramembranous ossification

138
Q

True or false

at 10 weeks:
o rudimentary mandible is formed

A

True

139
Q

ossifies by intramembranous ossification

A

Calvaria

140
Q

ossified by endochondral ossification

A

Cranial Base

141
Q

term for developing organism (fetus)

Week?

A

from 8 weeks

142
Q

o face is well formed
o tooth buds appear

Week?

A

at 9 weeks

143
Q

sucking motions are made in the mouth

Week?

A

at 10 weeks

144
Q

What arch number?

Maxillary artery

A

I
(Mandibular)

145
Q

What arch number?

Hyoid and Stapedial Arteries

A

II
(Hyoid Arch)

146
Q

What arch number?

Internal Carotid Artery

A

III

147
Q

What arch number?

Subclavian Artery (left side of the arch)

  • right side of the arch contributes to the arch of the aorta, pulmonary arteries*
A

IV

148
Q

At the end of 3rd week OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT the total length is _____.

A

1.0 mm

149
Q

At what period and week will it begins to form a tubular structure?

A

Period of embryo, 4th week

150
Q

What period and week folding of embryo start?

A

Period of embryo, 4th week

151
Q

At what week and period will the development of pharyngeal arches begin?

A

Period of embryo, 4th week

152
Q

At what week and period does facial prominence formed?

A

Period of embryo, 4th week

153
Q

During the DEVELOPMENT OF THE FACE at 4th week, what will formed first?

A

Mandible

154
Q

At the end of 5th week the size is?

A

8mm

155
Q

6-7th week size

A

13 mm

156
Q

Maxillary processes continue to increase in
size:

  1. laterally, fuses with the mandibular processes (_____)
A

Cheek

157
Q

Maxillary processes continue to increase in
size:

medially, compresses the medial nasal processes and fuse (___)

A

upper lip

158
Q

At what week the medial nasal swellings enlarge, grow medially, fuse to form the intermaxillary segment

A

7week

159
Q

At what week, Breakdown of buccopharyngeal membrane?

A

5 weeks

160
Q

What week?

Primitive skull and primitive palate

A

6th week

161
Q

critical period in DEVELOPMENT OF THE
PALATE:

A

6 to 9 weeks

162
Q

What arch?

Body of the tongue

A

1st

163
Q

What arch?

Base of the tongue

A

2-4th arcg

164
Q

Weeks?

primary palate

A

5 to 6 weeks

165
Q

Week?

secondary palate

A

6 to 12 weeks

166
Q

Week?

final palate

A

12 weeks

167
Q

2 primordia

A
  1. Primary palate
  2. Secondary palate
168
Q

from deep part of intermaxillary segment

A

(median palatine process)

169
Q

True or false

Fusion of the palatine shelves occurs first just posterior to the primary palate

A

Tru

170
Q

Anterior 2/3 is invaded by bone

A

HARD PALATE

171
Q

Posterior part is invaded by muscles to form the soft palate

A

SOFT PALATE

172
Q

Incisive suture = union of primary and secondary
palate

A

SOFT PALATE

173
Q

palatine raphe = union of lateral palatine sheves

A

SOFT PALATE

174
Q

• within the fourth week
• two bulges form inferior to the stomatodeum

A

Development of the Mandible

175
Q

In what week of the mandible intramembranous ossification begins in this mesenchyme and spreads anteriorly and posteriorly to form the ramus and body

A

7 week

176
Q

Rapid ossification backward and away from the Meckel’s cartilage from a point of divergence (lingual)

A

Ramus of the mandible

177
Q

Enumerate the pharyngeal cartilage

A

Meckel’s Cartilage

Reichert’s Cartilage

Part of the Hyoid Cartilage

Laryngeal Cartilage

178
Q

What nerve?

Base of the Tongue

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

179
Q

What nerve?

Body of the Tongue

A

trigeminal nerve

180
Q

What arch?

Muscles of the Pharynx and Larynx

A

IV

181
Q

What arch?

Muscles of Mastication

A

I

182
Q

What arch?

mandible

A

I

183
Q

middle ear ossicles–malleus and incus

A

from the dorsal end of the Mecke’s cartilage

184
Q

What arch?

Internal Carotid Artery

A

III

ORTHO (7 decks)

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