Lesson 1 Flashcards
- is defined as the science of motion of projectiles.
BALLISTICS
3 ELEMENTS OF PROJECTILES
- Initial Force
- Gravity
- Air Resistance
Ballistics in greek word means?_______
which means? “_______”
BALLO OR BALLEIN
“TO THROW”
This was the description of a “catapult” or “gigantic bow” used by the Romans to hurl large stones or arrows at a great distance to kill animals or to fight their enemies.
Ballista (old English Ballistae)
is the science of projectiles in motion from the moment of firing until impact at the target.
Ballistics
It covers the scientific study of the propulsion (driving force), flight, and impact (destructive action) of projectiles. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2000)
Ballistics
Ballistics in Police Parlance, it is frequently used to________.
Firearms Identification
- The movement or action of projectiles launched from firearms.
MOTIONS
3 Kinds of Motion:
Direct Motion
Rotary Motion
Translational Motion
SAR means in Direct Motion:
Stability
Accuracy
Range
- the forward movement of the projectile inside the gun barrel resulting from the expanding force of gasses produced after combustion of the gunpowder.
(straight path or straight forward movement of the bullet that is cause by gun powder)
Direct Motion
- the gyrating action (rotating or spinning), either right or left, inside or outside barrel with the action of the spiralling Lands and Grooves or known as rifling.
Rotary Motion
- The movement of projectiles after hitting the target and no rotation takes place such as bouncing of the bullet after hitting a resistant surface.
(from one point to another)
(ricochet at 45 degrees angle)
Translational Motion
BRANCHES OF BALLISTICS
Internal or Interior Ballistics
External or Exterior Ballistics
Terminal Ballistics
Transitional Ballistics or Intermediate
Wound Ballistics
- deals with the motion of a projectile while it is from breech to the muzzle of barrel. It is the study focused on what happens inside the gun during firing.
Internal or Interior Ballistics
the________ should hit the_________ in order to explode.
firing pin, primer
The failure of the cartridge to explode after the firing pin strikes the primer is called “_______”.
misfire
Defects in firearm that cause to misfire
a. Broken firing pin
b. Loose firing pin
c. Lacking length in the firing pin (especially homemade gun)
Ignition of Priming Mixture- in order to ignite the priming mixture, it must be alive and potent and must be devoid of any moisture. If the priming mixture explodes several seconds after the firing pin blow the primer, the delay of explosion is known as “_______”.
hangfire
Probable defects in the contents of the Primer Cup
a. Wet priming mixture (due to moisture)
b. The anvil is not properly fixed (slanting position)
c. No vent or flash-hole (factory defects)
d. No priming mixture at all (factory defects)
- after the primer crushed the priming mixture against the anvil there will be Ignition of priming mixture and primer flash, ignited priming mixture enters the vent or canal and the primer flash ignites the gunpowder and combustion happens.
Combustion of Gunpowder
- If priming mixture is live and gunpowder is defective or wet, only the priming mixture will explode. This result to slow exit of bullet or stock up.”_______and_________” may happen if there is stock-up.
Backfire, Barrel Breakage
The gas expands in different directions that tends the bullet and shell to separate. The shell due to its tremendous pressure inside will also expand towards the wall of the chamber by force. This causes “_____________”, causing individual characteristics.
(unique pattern of bullet)
Chamber Markings
FOUR CHAMBER MARKINGS
Firing Pin
Breech Face
Extractor
Ejector
The impact between the base of the cartridge case and the breechface of the firearm will create marking called “___________”.
Breechface Mark
most firearms have “___________” that cause the person to be thrown on the ground or falls ground.
knocking effect
It is the rearward movement of the gun caused by equal and opposite reaction of the gun against the forward movement of the bullet after the explosion.
(backward force)
Recoil of the Gun
gadget that is attached to the muzzle of the gun to reduce recoil.
Muzzle Brake
gadget that is attached to the muzzle of the gun to reduce recoil and minimize muzzle rise.
Compensator
The speed of the bullet inside the barrel depends on the___________________ inside the cartridge case.
AMOUNT OF GUNPOWDER
The “____________” is used to load the proper amount of gunpowder in every ammunition.
(important information of bullet)
Ballistics Data
Rotation of the Bullet inside the Barrel happens only to?
Rifled - Bore Barrels
is a steel brush to remove the metal left in the barrel.
metal fowling
a lubricant substance called “________” will spread and eventually prevent adherence of metal inside the barrel.
(lubricant of firearm to avoid corrosion and act as a protective layer)
graphite
- is the study of the motion and traits of projectiles, after it has left from the muzzle of the gun, which includes the condition of the bullets movement, and flight up to the target.
Exterior or External Ballistics
- A sound or noise created at the muzzle end of the gun. This is caused by the sudden exit of the heated gas coming in contact with air in the surrounding atmosphere at the muzzle end.
Muzzle Blast
FOUR COMPONENTS OF MUZZLE BLAST
Flash
Sound
Shocwave
Heat and Smoke
- These are generated at the muzzle end, whenever the cartridge explodes from a firearm. It will create energy which is expressed in foot pounds, based on the powder load of the cartridge.
(pass energy to target)
Muzzle Energy
- The curved path in the horizontal flight of the bullet, which usually occurred a few meters away from the muzzle of the firearm called “wobbling”. This is due to the air resistance encountered by the bullet.
Trajectory
The curved path in the horizontal flight of the bullet, which usually occurred a few meters away from the muzzle of the firearm called “________”. This is due to the air resistance encountered by the bullet.
wobbling
Stages of trajectory
- Straight horizontal line
- Parabola like flight
- Vertical drop
- means a path that becomes more and more curved as range increases and velocity drops off.
Parabolic Trajectory
in “____________” the base of the bullet is not balance in density, or the portion of the base of the bullet is lacking in its ideal size due to factory defect.
Tipping bullet
The “_________” in the other side of the bullet due to air bubble during the manufacture of the bullet.
air space
- is the straight distance from the muzzle of the gun to the target.
Range
Factors to Consider on RANGE
Design of bullet
Environmental Conditions
2 Kinds of Range
Accurate or Effective range
Maximun or Absolute Maximum range
- refers to the distance within which the shooter or the firer has control of his shot meaning he can place his shot at the desire spot.
Accurate or Effective Range
- refers to the farthest distance that a projectile can be propelled from a firearm, up to final vertical drop to the ground. It is said that to achieve the maximum range of a Projectile, it must have an elevation of 45 degrees.
Maximum or Absolute Maximum Range
- the resistance encountered by the bullet in flight, which is early experience by the bullet few meters away from the muzzle of the gun.
Air Resistance
Air resistance usually called “_________”, which reduces the speed of the bullet.
aerodynamic drag
Three parts of drag of bullet
Bow Resistance
Skin Friction
Base Drag
- this is due to air pressure at the head of the bullet.
(bow shock)
(sideways of bullet)
Bow Resistance
- this is cause by the friction of air moving along the middle portion of the body of the bullet. Also known as VISCOUS DRAG
(minimal to zero effect velocity and range)
Skin Friction
- this is due to the pressure and disturbance of the air behind the base of the bullet.
(low pressure region of the back of bullet)
Base Drag
- first to determine the drag of projectiles in flight with the use of the Ballistic Pendulum.
Benjamin Robins
it is use before as manual aparatus use for measurement of bullet
Ballistic Pendulum
it is digital use for measurement of bullet
(using right now)
Chronograph
The unstable movement of bullet in flight it is called “_____”.
yaw/yawing
The sideways hitting of bullet resulting to oval-like entry of bullet caused by yaw is called “________”.
keyhole shot
Yaw is due to the wind coming from the side of the firer, to solve this dilemma the firer is using gadget known as “______”. which place and attached in the rear sight portion for adjustment.
windage
- is the downward reaction of the bullet towards earth center, due to its weight. Once a projectile reaches the summit of its trajectory, it experiences a downward reaction due to its weight. Gravitational pull or the force of gravity makes the projectile fall toward the earth while in flight.
Pull of Gravity
” refers to the effect of the air drag on the bullet’s flight and can be used to predict any particular flight and can be used to predict any particular trajectory through drag table which apply to particular bullet and usually published by the bullet manufacturer.
Ballistics Coefficient
ability of bullet to maintain the velocity of bullet flight during air resistance
Ballistics Coefficient
- the _______ of the bullet on the target which is based on the power and velocity, to ensure depths of the entry of the bullet on the target.
Penetration
- it is the creation of face to face opening.
Perforation
- The bouncing of a projectile after hitting a surface. common short barrel that used is Round Nose
Ricochet
-this is whereby the projectile may strike into a target to some depth, leaving an impression or crater.
Indentation
- refers to the physical action of high explosives.
Detonation
- the process of shattering and breaking up of bullets into fragments.
(ex. grenade)
Fragmentation
it refers to metal fragments of grenade
Shrapnels
- The study of the effect of the impact of the bullet on the target.
- deals with the destructive actions and effects of projectile at the end of its flight. That object should be the target of the shooter.
(interaction between bullet and target)
Terminal Ballistics
- The size of the bullet grouping on the target. In the target paper, there are corresponding numbers. On the top portion, it is called 12 o’clock. The bottom is called 6 o’clock, the left side is called 9 o’clock and the right side is called 3 o’clock. The center of the target paper is called “bulls eye”.
Terminal Accuracy
- The energy of the bullet when it strike the target. This refers to the fatal equivalent of a bullet when it struck the target.
Terminal Energy
- This refers to the speed of the bullet upon striking or hitting the target, which is express in foot per second or meter per second.
(final velocity)
Terminal Velocity
- This refers to the depths of the entry of the bullet on the target.
Terminal Penetration
(most recent) - It is the study of a proiectiles behavior from the time it leaves the muzzle until the pressure behind the projectile is equalized. In other words, this is the area of ballistics that deals with the motion of the projectile from the time it leaves the muzzle until the only forces acting upon it are due to exterior ballistics.
(reaction of bullet from high pressurized environment up to low pressurized environment)
Transitional Ballistics or Intermediate Ballistics
- it is closely associated with terminal ballistics, however it is primarily concerned with the nature and medical implications of physical injury and shock caused by bullets and explosively driven fragments.
Wound Ballistics
