LESSON 1 Flashcards
SCIENCE
- Systematized body of knowledge
- Organized and Dynamic
- Human Activity
- Social Enterprise
Scientific Method
- Ask a Question
- Do a Background Research
- Construct a Hypothesis
- Test your Hypothesis
- Analyze your Data
TECHNOLOGY
- Material Product
- Application of Knowledge
- Human Activity
people were concerned with transportation and navigation, communication and record-keeping, mass production, security and protection, as well as health, aesthetics and architecture.
ANCIENT TIMES
was significant because people were trying to go places and discover new horizons. They travelled to search for food and find better location for their settlements. They also travelled to trade their surplus goods
in exchange for things that they lacked.
Transportation
was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places. They needed a way to communicate with natives of the area they visited so as to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts.
Communication
was also important since they needed to remember the places they had been
to and document the trades they made with each other, and the history and
culture so they could establish their identities as they tried to relate with other
culture and civilizations.
Record-keeping
assisted them in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas in the world. It allowed them to return home after they discovered new places or completed an important trade with another group of people
Navigation
were important in the discovery of new places or the establishment of new alliances with other tribes, at that time, there was always a risk of conflicts when people meet met others with different culture and orientations. Stronger nations invade weaker ones so they could take
much needed resources. As such, the development of weapons and armors
for security and protection was considered a major achievement.
Weapons and Armors
A primary challenge they faced was the _.
conservation of life
Different illnesses and diseases, _, hampered the full potential of a
human being.
both natural and man-made
In order to integrate their needs for better transformation, establishment of
structures for protection from human attacks and natural disasters, and
construction of bigger and stronger infrastructure- people ventured into what
is known as _.
engineering
The development would address their specific needs and wants. The development of engineering also ushered in the introduction of _. During the ancient times, elaborative architectural designs were signs of technological advancement of a particular civilization.
architecture
Looking _ pleasing plays also a major role during the ancient times. People were not contented on beautifying only their infrastructures and surroundings. They discovered that people looked more visually presentable and appealing by adding some features and decorations in their bodies.
aesthetically
Sumer was an ancient civilization founded in the Mesopotamia region of the Fertile
Crescent situated between the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers. Known for their
innovations in language, governance,
architecture and more, _ are considered the creators of civilization as
modern humans understand it.
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
The first writing system developed by the
Sumerian. It is a system that utilizes word pictures & triangular symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments & then left to dry.
Cuneiform
Considered as a great wonder not only
because it is considered to be the first city in the world but also for the way it was erected. Sumerians able to build this city with a big challenge because of using only mud or clay from the river, which they
mixed with reeds, producing sunbaked bricks
Uruk City
it was built as a place of worship, dedicated to the moon god Nanna in the Sumerian city of Ur in ancient
Mesopotamia.
The Great Ziggurat of Ur
Today, after more than _, the ziggurat is still well preserved in large parts as the only major remainder of Ur in present-day southern Iraq. – it was built as a place of worship, dedicated to the moon god Nanna in the Sumerian city of Ur in ancient Mesopotamia. Today, after more than _, the ziggurat is still well preserved in large parts as the only major remainder of Ur in present-day southern Iraq.
4,000 years
The Sumerians were the first ones to establish _ on a large scale. They made canals, _, and ditches to ensure
that their crops have enough water.
Irrigation and Dikes
This method was considered as one of the world’s most BENEFICIAL
ENGINEERING works.
Sailboats
Wheel
Plow
Roads
at that time the wheel was not yet invented; the main mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas.
Sailboats
the first _ were not made for transportation but for farm work
and food processes. With the use of the _, mass production was made easier and Farmers were able to mill grains with less effort in less time.
Wheel
this enable them to dig the ground where seeds would be planted in a faster pace. As the _ breaks the ground, the farmer would just drop the seeds and the farm work would be already done.
Plow
Sumerians paved _ using their bricks and bitumen to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians developed the first _.
Roads
was an ancient Akkadian-speaking
state and cultural area based in the city of _in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria). The _ used the innovations of the Sumerians, added to them, and built an empire that gave the world, among other things, codified laws, a tower that soared above the earth, and one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
a colossal maze of terraced trees, shrubs,
flowers and manmade waterfalls, are
one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient
World. Yet archaeologists have turned up scant evidence of the gardens.
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Other contribution of the Babylonian Civilization:
Art of Writing and Education
Literature
Code of Hammurabi
Religion
Science
Art and Architecture
Administration
Agriculture, Trade and Commerce
Like the Sumerians, the people of Babylon
used Cuneiform writing. They used more than 350 signs in their writing.
Art of Writing and Education
The _ of Babylon was very rich. The Babylonians wrote around 2000 books. They composed books on religion, science, mathematics and astrology. In the domain of Babylonian _, ‘Gilgamesh’ carved a special position.
Literature
was the First Law Giver of the world. He was the leader of the Amorites and a brave fighter. There were different sets of
laws in ancient Babylon concerning religion, agriculture, administration and
business.
Code of Hammurabi
the Babylonians were polytheists. Their chief god was ‘Marduk’ who was regarded as the creator of the world. ‘Istar’ was regarded as Mother Goddess. They also worshipped ‘Samas’ as sun god and ‘Tamuj’ as the god of agriculture.
Religion
The Babylonians also excelled in the field of _. The priests watched the sun, moon planet and star very carefully and forecast the future.
Science
The Babylonian kings were famous builders. They built big palaces. They kept the gigantic images of bulls having the heads of man near the entrance gate of the palace
Art and Architecture
The Babylonians were very famous in the field of _. Besides the code of Hammurabi, laws were also written on
clay tablets.
Administration
The Babylonians were skilled agriculturists
and traders. They liked to produce variety of crops. That is why they dug canals
and irrigated the corn fields.
Agriculture, Trade and Commerce
_developed along the Nile River in large part because the river’s annual flooding ensured reliable, rich soil for growing crops. Repeated struggles for political control of Egypt showed the
importance of the region’s agricultural production and economic resources.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
although Egypt was not the first to develop a system of writing, they were able to make writing easier for the world. _was a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile river.
Paper or Papyrus
Egyptians invented _ by combining soot with different chemicals to produce _ of different colors. It was tamper-proof so that people could not simply tinker with those written down.
Ink
a system of writing using symbols. They believed that this writing system was provided to them by their gods and can still be seen today and remains to be as famous as the pyramids where they were found
Hieroglyphics
function in ancient Egypt was for
both health and aesthetic reasons. Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases
Cosmetics
are used to enhance the appearance of people who are balding or those who want to try new hair trends. During the Egyptian times, _ were worn for health and
wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes.
Wigs
A _ is a timepiece by which time is measured by the regulated flow of liquid into or out from a vessel, and where the amount is then measured. _are one of the oldest time-measuring instruments
Water Clock/ Clepsydra
_ was a period of political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific achievements that formed a legacy with unparalleled influence.
GREEK CIVILIZATION
The Greeks made important contributions to _
philosophy, mathematics,
astronomy, and medicine
used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was necessary form of food processing during that time.
Water mills
one of the most utilized gadgets today that was invented by the ancient Greeks. The purpose was just the same with the _of the modern times - to tell an individual when to stop or when to start.
ALARM CLOCK
The _Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west. It was considered to be the CRADLE OF POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE during
that period. Because the _ Empire was so large,
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
the first _, known as _, contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people
Newspaper
GAZETTES
Record-keeping was much easier since paper did not easily break, was lightweight, and did not occupy much space. The civilization became fond of record- keeping, events and newly legislated laws.
Bound Books or Codex
One of the most visual contributions of the ancient Roman Empire to the world. Roman _ is known for concrete-domed buildings, the innovative use of the arch, the amphitheater design, the
basilica, the triumphal arch, and residential apartment blocks.
Roman Architecture
Romans devised their own number system specifically to address the need for a standard counting method that would meet their increasing communications and trade concerns
Roman Numerals
_originally it was developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to
achieve IMMORTALITY.
Gunpowder
is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia if not the world.
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
Produced by _worms, but Chinese were the ones who developed the technology to harvest the _and process it to produce paper and clothing.
Silk
a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves.
Tea Production
once considered the only man-made structure that could be seen from the outer space. It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of China.
Great Wall of China
This refers to a thousand years between the fall of ancient civilization and the
rise of the Italian Renaissance (476 – 1550 AD). It is sometimes referred to
as the “Dark Ages” because the ancient world’s cultural and political traditions
were eclipsed with the collapse of Roman civilization and the conquest of
Europe by Germanic tribes.
MEDIEVAL AGES
The _ is believed to have been the result of plague, an infectious fever caused by the bacterium _.
Black Death
Yersinia pestis
Invented around 1439, Gutenberg’s movable type _ initiated nothing less than a revolution in print technology. His press allowed manuscripts to be mass-produced at relatively affordable costs. The 42-line ‘_’, printed around 1455, was Gutenberg’s most well known printed item.
Printing Press
Gutenberg Bible
_a devise that could magnify things invisible to the eye. Guided by the principles used for the invention of the eyeglasses in earlier years, _ was able to develop the first compound _.
Microscope
ZACHARIAS JANSSEN
an optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects, was a great help for navigators during this time. Together with the _, the invention of the compass, oars, and rudders made sea traveling easier and safer
Telescope
since wars were widespread during the Middle Ages, great development in the weaponry technology also occurred. All sides must develop weapons not only as offensive tools but also as defensive
instruments.
War Weapons
During this era, the technological developments and inventions increases due to the different scientists arise such as the revival of European culture, particularly in Italy, retranslation of Greek words into Latin, rediscovery of Aristotle’s works and other Greek writing, paper making, geographical discoveries and navigation, the establishment of modern universities, economic growth, increased wealth and opportunities and population growth and the revival of culture and interest in scientific pursuit.
RENAISSANCE
The name ‘renaissance’ is a French word translating to _.
rebirth
Some Renaissance Geniuses:
René Descartes (1596-1650)
Galileo (1564-1642)
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)
William Shakespeare (1564–1616)
Raphael (1483–1520)
Michelangelo (1475–1564)
has been heralded as the first modern
philosopher. He is famous for having made an important connection between
geometry and algebra, which allowed for the solving of geometrical problems
by way of algebraic equations
René Descartes (1596-1650)
Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer whose pioneering work with telescopes enabled him to describes the moons of
Jupiter and rings of Saturn. Placed under house arrest for his views of a
heliocentric universe.
Galileo (1564-1642)
Italian painter, architect, inventor and
“Renaissance man” responsible for painting “The Mona Lisa” and “The Last
Supper
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)
England’s “national poet” and the most
famous playwright of all time, celebrated for his sonnets and plays like
“Romeo and Juliet.”
William Shakespeare (1564–1616)
Italian painter who learned from da Vinci and Michelangelo. Best known for his paintings of the Madonna and “The School
of Athens.”
Raphael (1483–1520)
Italian sculptor, painter and architect who carved “David” and painted The Sistine Chapel in Rome.
Michelangelo (1475–1564)
