Lesson 1 Flashcards
an effect brought about by directly or indirectly by tourism policies, tourism-related establishments and infrastructure, and tourist behavior.
Tourism Impacts
Impacts that are backed up by hard data like economic impacts, increase in population, number of jobs, amount of investments.
Actual impacts
Refers to opinions of somebody concerning the effects of tourism
Perceived impacts
Measured and express in numerical forms
Quantitative impacts
Impacts that can only be observed and described.
Qualitative impacts
Caused by tourism development over time.
Cumulative impacts
Caused by single event
Immediate impacts
“a change in a given state over time as the result of an extent stimulus*. Hall (2009)
Impacts
“The sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of
tourists, business suppliers, host governments and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting these tourists and other visitors” Goeldner (n.d).
Tourism
comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes
Tourism
What are the different scope of tourism Impacts?
- Economic
- Environmental
- Social
- Cultural
- Political
What are the Types of Impacts?
• Actual or objective impacts
• Perceived or subjective impacts
• Quantitative impacts
• Qualitative impacts
It is seen or backed up by hard data. Most economic impacts include increase in population, number of jobs, amount of investments.
Actual or objective impacts
refers to opinions of somebody concerning the effects of tourism. If you are working in tourism you tend to view in positive side.
Perceived or subjective impacts
is measured and express in numerical forms
Quantitative impacts
are impacts that can only be observed and described. Example is job status -
permanent or contractual
Qualitative impacts
What are the 2 temporal dimensions?
- Cumulative
- Immediate
caused by tourism development over time like urbanization of an island
Cumulative
caused by single event
Immediate
What are the different areas where tourism activity could take place in Leiper’s Model
- Tourist Generating region
- The transit route region
- Tourist destination region
link the traveling public with the suppliers of services
Tourism Promoters
They provide the services that tourists need when they travel.
Tourism suppliers
It functions as a ‘pull’ factor in the market and provide an area for most of the tourism activity.
Tourist Destination Region
It means impact that can be corrected immediately like festival trash
Reversible
It means impact that requires long period of time to recover like effect of divers on coral reefs.
Irreversible
happens when we import products or pay for expatriate managerial expertise
Leakage
One of the ley issues in tourism development is the extend by which the benefits and opportunities are shared by the stakeholders.
Stakeholder’s power and capacity
Defines the country’s prioritization of tourism in relation to overall development strategy and spells out the objects of tourism development and the key strategies for attaining them.
Tourism Policy
refers to the number of tourisms at a given time in relation to the area of the destination.
Tourism Density
refers to the volume of tourists in relation to the local population
Tourism Ratio
It determine the kind of impacts that are expected on the host destination as well as those experience by the tourists themselves.
Tourism Market Served
What are Institutionalized Tourists (Tour Package)
⁃ Organized Mass Tourist
⁃ Individual Mass Tourist
What are Non- Institutionalized Tourists (DIY)
⁃ Explorers (longer)
⁃ Drifters (shorter)
They who said that the level of human activity an areas can accommodate without the area deteriorating, the resident community being adversely affected, or the quality of visitors experience declining.
Middleton and Hawkins (1998)
When was the Tourism Policy of the Philippines existed? And What was the Name and R.A
1970’s R.A 9593 : Tourism Act of 2009
It is defined as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
Sustainable development
It can be defined as all the conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding, and affecting the development of an organism or group of organisms.
Environment
It involves many activities that can have adverse environmental effects
Environmental Impacts
It pressures on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources
are already scarce.
Depletion of natural resources
It is Achieving quality growth in a manner that does not deplete the natural and built-in environment and preserves the culture, history and heritage of local community.
Sustainability
It attempts to model the consequences of a growing human population in a world of finite resources.
Limits to Growth
It is the forms of tourism which meet the needs of tourists, the tourism industry, and host
communities today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable Tourism
It is an element of an organization’s activities, products or services that can interact with the environment.
Environmental Aspect
air emissions, noise, solid waste and littering, releases of sewage, oil and chemicals,
even architectural/visual pollution.
Pollution
It means achieving quality growth in a manner that does not deplete the
natural and built-in environment and preserves the culture, history and heritage of local
community.
Sustainability
It means to achieve balance between number of visitors and the capacity of the given environment and having greatest interaction and enjoyment with the least destruction.
Sustainability
It is where the activity minimizes any damage to the environment (flora, fauna, water, soils, energy use, contamination, etc.) and ideally tries to benefit the environment in a positive way.
Environmentally
It is where the activity does not harm the social structure or culture of the community where it is located.
Socially and culturally
It is where the activity does not simply begin and then rapidly die because of bad business practices; it continues to contribute to the economic well-being of the local community. A sustainable business should benefit its owners, its employees, and its neighbors.
Economically
What is there to have a Sustainable Tourism
- Indigenous oriented
- Focus on educational experiences
- Conservation of natural resources a priority
- Fosters appreciation for cultural diversity
- Best management practices for products and services
What is there to have a Conventional Tourism
- Tourism oriented
- Focus on entertainment/refreshments for tourists
- Conservation not a priority
- Communities not a priority
- Quality of tourism services and products are standardized
A development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Who defined sustainable development as a “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
Bruntland Commission, 1987
The concept of sustainable development emerged from the ______________ which recognized the negative impacts of human growth and development on the environment and communities.
post-War environmental movement
Commissioned by the Club of Rome __________ attempts to model the consequences of a growing human population in a world of finite resources, concluding that current patterns of growth cannot be sustained indefinitely.
Limits to Growth
defined sustainable development as “development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
1987: Our Common Future
the first international attempt to develop strategies for a
more sustainable pattern of development.
1992: Rio conference
the forms of tourism which meet the needs of tourists, the tourism industry,
and host communities today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.
Sustainable Tourism
This set out a vision of simultaneously delivering economic, social and environmental outcomes as measured by a series of headline indicators.
1999: A Better Quality of Life
What should Sustainable Tourism do according to The World Tourism Organization (WTO)
- Make optimal use of environmental resources
- Respect the socio-cultural authenticity of host communities
- Ensure viable, long-term economic operations, providing socio-economic benefits to all stakeholders
can be defined as all the conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding, and affecting the development of an organism or group of organisms.
Environment
In this definition, both biophysical and socio-economic factors are included.
Environment
Today, tourists of all kinds are becoming more sensitive to polluted or environmentally
degraded conditions at their different __________
travel destinations.
is an element of an organization’s activities, products, or services that can interact with the environment.
Environmental Aspects
an important step towards recognizing their impacts on our planet.
Environmental Aspects
What are the two types of environmental aspects:
Direct environmental aspect and Indirect environmental aspect
Activities over which a company can be expected to have an influence and control. For example, emissions from processes.
Direct environmental aspect
Actual or Potential activities over which the organization can be expected to have an influence,
but no control.
For example, supply chain-controlled aspects, customer-controlled aspects, aspects managed
elsewhere within the same company.
Indirect environmental aspect
In the study, it is essential to identify each possible environmental aspect and
its impact on our surroundings. The various environmental aspects each have a number of
different impacts on the environment. Potential impacts must also be identified.
Environmental Aspect and Impact
Any change to the environment whether adverse or beneficial (wholly or partially) resulting from
an organization’s activities products or services.
Example: Cause and Effect Activity - Spray Painting
Environmental Impact
Emissions of Solvent to air
Aspect
Global Warming plus Ozone Depletion
Impact
The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to tourism. However, tourism’s relationship with the __________ is complex. It involves many activities that can have adverse environmental effects. Many of these impacts are linked with the construction of general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas.
environment
Negative impacts from tourism occur when the level of visitor use is ___________ than the environment’s
ability to cope with this use within the acceptable limits of change.
greater
poses potential threats to many natural areas around the world. It can put enormous pressure on an area and lead to impacts such as soil erosion, increased pollution, discharges into the sea, natural habitat loss, increased pressure on endangered species and heightened vulnerability to forest fires.
Uncontrolled conventional tourism
can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce.
Depletion of Natural Resources ; Tourism development
In dryer regions like the ___________, the issue of water scarcity is of particular concern.
Mediterranean
_______ is one of the most critical natural resources. The tourism industry generally overuses water resources for hotels, swimming pools, golf courses and personal use of _____ by tourists.
Water resources
(Water, and especially fresh water,)
Because of the hot climate and the tendency of tourists to consume more water when on holiday
than they do at home, the amount used can run up to ____ liters a day. This is almost double what
the inhabitants of an average Spanish city use.
440 liters a day
Golf courses require an enormous amount of water every day and, as with other causes of excessive extraction of water,
this can result in _____________
water scarcity.
Tourism can create great pressure on ______ like energy, food, and other raw materials
that may already be in short supply.
local resources
Because of the seasonal character of the industry, many destinations have ________________ more inhabitants in the high season as in the low season. A high demand is placed upon these resources to meet the high expectations tourists often have (proper heating, hot water, etc.).
ten times
resources include minerals, fossil fuels, fertile soil, forests, wetland and wildlife.
Land degradation
Increased construction of tourism and recreational facilities has increased the pressure on these
resources and on scenic landscapes.
Land degradation
Tourism can cause the same forms of ___________ as any other industry: air emissions, noise, solid
waste and littering, releases of sewage, oil and chemicals, even architectural/visual pollution.
pollution
Forests often suffer negative impacts of tourism in the form of ________________
deforestation
Transport by air, road, and rail is continuously increasing in response to the rising number of tourists and their greater mobility.
Air pollution
To give an indication, the ICAO reported that the number of international air passengers worldwide rose from 88 million in 1972 to 344 million in 1994. One consequence of this increase in air transport is that tourism now accounts for more than 60% of air travel and is therefore responsible for an important share of air emissions.
Air pollution
Transport emissions and emissions from energy production and use are linked to acid rain,
global warming and photochemical pollution.
Air pollution
Pollution from tourist transportation has an impact on the global level, especially from
carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions related to transportation energy use. And it can contribute
to severe local ___ pollution.
Air pollution
Some of these impacts are quite specific to tourist activities. For example, especially in very
hot or cold countries, tour buses often leave their motors running for hours while the tourists
go out for an excursion because they want to return to a comfortably air-conditioned bus.
Air pollution
from airplanes, cars, and buses, as well as recreational vehicles such as snowmobiles and jet skis, is an ever-growing problem of modern life.
Noise pollution
In addition to causing annoyance, stress, and even hearing loss for it humans, it causes
distress to wildlife, especially in sensitive areas.
Noise pollution
For instance, it generated by snowmobiles can cause animals to alter their natural activity patterns.
Noise pollution
In areas with high concentrations of tourist activities and appealing natura attractions,
waste disposal is a serious problem and improper disposal can be a major despoiler of the
natural environment - rivers, scenic areas, and roadsides.
Solid waste and littering
For example, cruise ships in the Caribbean are estimated to produce more than 70,000
tons of waste each year.
Solid waste and littering
can degrade the physical appearance of the water and shoreline and cause the death of marine animals.
Solid waste and littering
In mountain areas, trekking tourists generate a great deal of ____________
Solid waste and littering
Tourists on expedition leave behind their garbage, oxygen cylinders and even camping equipment.
Solid waste and littering
Construction of hotels, recreation and other facilities often leads to increased _________________
sewage pollution.
Wastewater has polluted seas and lakes surrounding tourist attractions, damaging the flora and fauna.
sewage pollution.
can threaten the health of humans and animals.
sewage pollution.
A lack of land-use planning and building regulations in many destinations has facilitated sprawling developments along coastlines, valleys and scenic routes.
he sprawl includes tourism facilities themselves and supporting infrastructure such as roads,
employee housing, parking, service areas, and waste disposal.
Aesthetic Pollution
Often tourism fails to integrate its structures with the natural features and indigenous architectural of the destination. Large, dominating resorts of disparate design can look out of place in any natural environment and may clash with the indigenous structural design.
Aesthetic Pollution
Attractive landscape sites, such as sandy beaches, lakes, riversides, and mountain tops
and slopes, are often transitional zones, characterized by species-rich ecosystems.
Physical Impacts
are caused not only by tourism-related land clearing and construction, but by continuing tourist activities and long-term changes in local economies and
ecologies.
Physical Impacts
The development of tourism facilities such as accommodation, water supplies, restaurants
and recreation facilities can involve sand mining, beach and sand dune erosion, soil
erosion and extensive paving.
Construction activities and infrastructure development
Construction of ski resort accommodation and facilities frequently requires clearing
forested land.
Deforestation and intensified or unsustainable use of land
Coastal wetlands are often drained and filled due to lack of more suitable sites for
construction of tourism facilities and infrastructure.
Deforestation and intensified or unsustainable use of land
Development of____________ and breakwaters can cause changes in currents and coastlines.
Furthermore, extraction of building materials such as sand affects coral reefs, mangroves,
and hinterland forests, leading to erosion and destruction of habitats.
Marina development
Overbuilding and extensive paving of shorelines can result in destruction of habitats and
disruption of land-sea connections (such as sea-turtle nesting spots.
Marina development
Tourists using the same trail over and over again trample the vegetation and soil, eventually
causing damage that can lead to loss of biodiversity and other impacts.
Trampling
In marine areas (around coastal waters, reefs, beach and shoreline, offshore waters,
uplands and lagoons) many tourist activities occur in or around fragile ecosystems.
Anchoring and other marine activities
__________, snorkeling, sport fishing and scuba diving, yachting, and cruising are some of the activities that can cause direct degradation of marine ecosystems such as coral reefs, and subsequent impacts on coastal protection and fisheries.
Anchoring and other marine activities
is the term given to the variety of life on Earth and the natural patterns it forms.
Biological diversity
Tourism, especially nature tourism, is closely linked to _______- and the attractions created by a
rich and varied environment. It can also cause loss of __________ when land and resources are
strained by excessive use, and when impacts on vegetation, wildlife, mountain, marine and
coastal environments and water resources exceed the carrying capacity.
biodiversity
what are the effects of loss of biodiversity
-It threatens our food supplies, opportunities for recreation and tourism, and sources of wood, medicines and energy.
-It interferes with essential ecological functions such as species balance, soil formation, and greenhouse gas absorption.
-It destabilizes ecosystems and weakens their ability to deal with natural disasters such as
floods, droughts, and hurricanes, and with human-caused stresses, such as pollution and
climate change.
Tourists and suppliers - often unwittingly - can bring in species (insects, wild and cultivated
plants and diseases) that are not native to the local environment and that can cause
enormous disruption and even destruction of ecosystems.
Introduction of exotic species
which is situated in the upper atmosphere (or stratosphere) at an altitude of 12-50 kilometers, protects life on earth by absorbing the harmful wavelengths of the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which in high doses is dangerous to humans and animals.
The ozone layer,
this have contributed to the destruction of this layer. The tourism industry may be part of the problem.
(such as CFCs (chlorofluorocarbon) and halons)
Ozone depleting substances (ODSs)
Climate scientists now generally agree that the Earth’s surface temperatures have risen steadily in recent years because of an increase in the so-called _______________ in the atmosphere, which
trap heat from the sun.
greenhouse gases
__________ is closely linked to climate change. Tourism involves the movement of people from their homes to other destinations and accounts for about 50% of traffic movements; rapidly expanding air traffic contributes about 2.5% of the production of CO2.
Global tourism
Global tourism is closely linked to climate change. Tourism involves the movement of people from their homes to other destinations and accounts for about___________ of traffic movements; rapidly expanding air traffic contributes about 2.5% of the production of CO2.
50% of traffic movements
The tourism industry can contribute to conservation through
- Direct financial contributions
- Contributions to government revenues
Tourism can contribute directly to the conservation of sensitive areas and habitat. Revenue from park-entrance fees and similar sources can be allocated specifically to pay for the protection and management of environmentally sensitive areas.
Direct financial contributions
Some __________ collect money in more far-reaching and indirect ways that are not linked to specific parks or conservation areas.
Contributions to government revenues
User fees, income taxes, taxes on sales or rental of recreation equipment, and license fees for activities such as hunting and fishing can provide governments with the funds needed to manage natural resources.
Contributions to government revenues
By planning early for tourism development, damaging and expensive mistakes can be prevented, avoiding the gradual deterioration of environmental assets significant to tourism.
Improved environmental management and planning
Tourism has the potential to increase public appreciation of the environment and to spread awareness of environmental problems when it brings people into closer contact with nature and the environment.
Environmental awareness raising
Tourism can significantly contribute to environmental protection, conservation and restoration of biological diversity and sustainable use of natural resources. Because of their attractiveness, pristine sites and natural areas are identified as valuable and the need to keep the attraction alive can lead to the creation of national parks and wildlife parks.
Protection and preservation
End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
Example: Promoting community-based tourism in rural areas can create jobs and provide income,
helping local families escape poverty.
- No Poverty
End hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable
agriculture. Example: Farm-to-table tourism supports local farmers by using fresh, local produce in restaurants
and hotels.
- Zero Hunger
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all ages.
Example: Wellness tourism, like yoga retreats or spa vacations, promotes physical and mental
health while supporting local wellness industries
- Good Health and Well-being
Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
Example: Revenue from tourism can fund local schools or education initiatives, while cultural tours
educate both tourists and locals.
- Quality Education
Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
Example: Encouraging women to take on leadership roles in tourism, such as hotel managers or
tour operators, helps bridge gender gaps.
- Gender Equality
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
Example: Eco-tourism projects often invest in clean water and sanitation facilities in remote tourist
destinations.
- Clean Water and Sanitation
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.
Example: Resorts that use solar panels or wind turbines contribute to clean energy practices while
reducing tourism’s environmental footprint.
- Affordable and Clean Energy
Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment, and decent work for
all.Example: Tourism creates millions of jobs worldwide, particularly for youth and women in
developing countries.
- Decent Work and Economic Growth
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and
foster innovation.
Example: Developing eco-friendly transport systems, such as bike rental stations in tourist hubs,
reduces carbon emissions while supporting tourism.
- Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
Reduce inequality within and among countries.
Example: Inclusive tourism programs ensure marginalized groups, such as indigenous communities,
share economic and cultural benefits.
- Reduced Inequalities
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.
Example: Urban tourism initiatives promote heritage conservation and sustainable urban planning
in historic districts.
- Sustainable Cities and Communities
Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.
Example: Encouraging tourists to avoid single-use plastics and adopt eco-friendly travel habits
reduces waste in tourist areas.
- Responsible Consumption and Production
Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
Example: Promoting carbon-neutral tourism, such as using electric vehicles for sightseeing, helps
reduce the industry’s carbon footprint.
- Climate Action
Raised awareness about environmental issues, especially the effects of pesticides on ecosystems,
sparking the modern environmental movement.
- 1962: Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring”
Focused on the conservation and use of biological resources and introduced the idea of balancing development and environmental protection.
- 1968: UNESCO Biosphere Conference
First global conference on environmental issues, leading to the creation of the United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP).
- 1972: Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment (UN)
Highlighted global dependence on fossil fuels, encouraging discussions about alternative energy
sources.
- 1973: OPEC Oil Crisis
Addressed the growing concern over climate change and the need for coordinated global action.
1979: World Climate Conference
Introduced the formal definition of sustainable development: “Development that meets the needs
of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
- 1987: Brundtland Report (“Our Common Future”)
Published by IUCN, UNEP, and WWF, it emphasized the concept of sustainable development.
- 1980: World Conservation Strategy
Legally binding international agreement aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
- 1997: Kyoto Protocol
Produced Agenda 21, a comprehensive plan for sustainable development, and established key
principles, including the Rio Declaration and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC).
- 1992: Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (UNCED)
Aimed to address global challenges like poverty, education, and environmental sustainability by
2015.
- 2000: Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Reinforced commitments to Agenda 21 and emphasized the integration of social, economic, and
environmental dimensions.
- 2002: World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg)
Focused on the “green economy” and led to the development of the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs).
- 2012: Rio+20 Conference (UN Conference on Sustainable Development)
An international treaty under the UNFCCC aimed at limiting global warming to below 2°C. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Launched as a successor to the MDGs, comprising 17 goals to be achieved by 2030.
- 2015: Paris Agreement
COVID-19 pandemic highlighted links between health, environment, and economic systems,
reinforcing the need for sustainable development.
- 2020: Global Recognition of the Climate Emergency
Countries committed to phasing down coal, reducing deforestation, and increasing financial
support for sustainability initiatives.
- 2021: COP26 in Glasgow
Focus on accelerating SDG implementation and addressing climate adaptation, biodiversity loss, and energy transitions.
Present (2025):
Tourism should use natural resources (water, energy, land) efficiently to ensure long-term availability.Example: Hotels using solar energy, low-flow water systems, and energy-efficient lighting.
Using Resources Sustainably
Minimizing waste and unnecessary consumption to protect the environment and reduce pollution.
Example: Using reusable water bottles, shopping bags, and food containers instead of single-use plastics.
Reducing Overconsumption and Waste
Meaning: Protecting and preserving ecosystems, wildlife, and natural habitats.
Example: Supporting national parks, marine reserves, and ecotourism initiatives that protect endangered species.
Maintaining Biodiversity
Meaning: Ensuring sustainability is a key factor in tourism development, infrastructure, and policies.
Example: Governments creating regulations that limit the number of visitors to fragile sites like coral reefs.
Integrating Sustainability into Tourism Planning
Meaning: Ensuring tourism benefits local communities by providing jobs and supporting businesses.
Example: Tourists staying in locally owned hotels, eating at local restaurants, and buying handmade crafts.
Supporting Local Economies
Meaning: Engaging residents in tourism planning and decision-making to ensure they benefit.
Example: Indigenous groups leading cultural tours that share their traditions while earning income.
Involving Local Communities
Meaning: Including businesses, governments, and the public in tourism-related decisions.
Example: Hosting community meetings before building new tourism infrastructure.
Consulting Stakeholders and the Public
Meaning: Educating employees about sustainable practices and responsible tourism.
TExample: Hotels training staff to reduce water usage, recycle properly, and respect local culture.
Training Staff
Meaning: Promoting ethical tourism that highlights sustainability and respects local cultures.
Example: Travel companies advertising eco-friendly tours instead of mass tourism packages.
Marketing Tourism Responsibly
Meaning: Studying tourism’s impact on the environment, economy, and society to improve policies.
Example: Conducting surveys on how tourism affects wildlife and local livelihoods to create better guidelines.
Undertaking Research
What is the purpose of The 10 principles of sustainable tourism?
These principles help ensure that tourism remains a positive force for both the environment and communities.
