Lesson 1 Flashcards by Matthew Taylor | Brainscape

Q

Runway number is is mag/true

A

Magnetic

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Q

ACARS stands for

A

Aircraft communication addressing and reporting system

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Q

Pilot reports known as

A

PIREP

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Q

SIGMET stands for

A

Significant weather report
Can be based on PIREP

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Q

OBS (in a report)

A

Observed

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Q

SS

A

sandstorm

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Q

WSPD

A

widespread

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Q

AIRMET

A

en-route weather phenomena which may affect the safety of low-level flight – Watch Office

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Q

GAMET

A

area forecast – low level – Met Office (Exeter).

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Q

Low-level aircraft operations - what altitude

A

(below FL100, or FL150 in mountainous areas)

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Q

Constant Pressure Charts are known as what and show what?

A

Isohypes

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Q

TS

A

Thunderstorm

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Q

GR

A

Hail

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Q

Jet stream speed
Filled in arrow:

A

50kn

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Q

Jet stream speed
Short single line

A

5kn

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Q

CAT

A

Clear air turbulence

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Q

Jet stream speed
Tall single line

A

10kn

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Q

Horizontal line with an upward arrow

A

moderate CAT

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Q

If the upward arrow has a hat then

A

severe CAT

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Q

What do you call the fastest part of the jetstream

A

jetstream core

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Q

Jetstream has the below label, what does it mean?

FL310
210/380

A

Core at FL310
Jetstreams found between FL210 and FL380

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Q

Hail can only come from a

A

Thunderstorm

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Q

SIGWX Chart

A

learn the symbols

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Q

TRS

A

tropical revolving storm

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Q

What weather source would you use in flight?

A

D-VOLMET or VOLMET
ATIS

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Q

What is weather radar looking for?

A

Detects location and movement of water droplets

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Q

Which technology does weather radar use?

A

microwave

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Q

What return the strongest on weather radar?

A

Wet Hail (stronest)
Rain
Wet snow

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Q

What return the weakest on weather radar?

A

Dry hail
Dry snow
Drizzle (lowest)

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Q

Weather radar:
what does a hook suggest

A

Indicates rotation

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Q

Weather radar:
what does a ‘finger’ suggest

A

Active cell with tail

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Q

A simple lightweight detector is known as a

A

Stormscope

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Q

On a weather radar, what does ‘blind alley’ mean’?

A

There may be something behind the trace

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Q

Satellites have two characteristics;

A

orbit type
type of detector.

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Q

The two main satellite detector types are;

A

Visible Imagery
Infrared Imagery

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Q

The two main satellite orbit types are;

A

Geostationary Orbiting Environmental Satellite

Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite (POES)

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Q

Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite (POES)

A

Orbit at 850km above surface

They orbit from pole to pole, perpendicular to the Equator

These monitor cloud cover and water vapour

Observe the Earth’s surface twice a day

Give bands of detailed, high resolution images

Viewable areas are “narrow” bands (900nm wide)

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Q

Visible Imagery

A

Reflects sunlight.

Useful for seeing cloud patterns and weather fronts.

Only during daylight hours

Better at detecting low cloud or fog (than IR)

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Q

Satellite Observations - Infra-red (IR)

A

Day or night

Colour (or Shading) shows cloud temps

IR is reverse negative so high/cold clouds appear white, low cloud dark.

This is better for high clouds

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Q

Satellite Imagery can be used to identify

A

Fronts (cloud band)
Low (cloudy) systems
High (clearer) systems
Stable (flat) air mass
Unstable (lumpy) air mass

Q

Satellite Imagery - described by IR or visible?

Only during daylight hours

A

Visible

Q

Satellite Imagery - described by IR or visible?

High clouds are Bright white

A

IR

Q

Satellite Imagery - described by IR or visible?

Low clouds are not distinguishable from high clouds

A

Visible

Q

Satellite Imagery - described by IR or visible?

Low clouds are Very dark (can blend in with the ground)

A

IR

Q

Satellite Imagery - described by IR or visible?

High resolution

A

Visible

Q

Satellite Imagery - described by IR or visible?

Thich clouds are Not distinguishable from thin clouds

A

IR

Q

Temperature is

A

the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules of a substance, perceived as how hot or cold it is

Q

How do you convert °c into °K

A

Add 273

Q

Fahrenheit = Celsius

A

Fahrenheit = (Celsius×1.8)+32

Q

What’s the name of the white box weather station?

A

Stevenson’s Screen

Q

At what height is the white box weather station rigged?

A

Stevenson’s Screen situated 4ft (1.2m) above ground level (agl)

Q

What helium filled contraption takes weather readings?

A

Radiosonde

Q

What do weather balloons record during their climb?

A

During its climb, it continuously records data in 1.3 sec intervals

Temperatures
Pressure
Humidity

Q

SILO

A

Shortwave
In
Longwave
Out

Q

When is the hottest part of the day

A

1500hrs

Q

Insolation is?

A

= Sun heats the earth’s surface

same amount of energy covering a greater Earth surface at higher latitude
-> less insolation

Q

Earth tilt’s off axis at what angle

A

23.5°

Q

Solstice

A

22nd December
21st June

Q

Equinox

A

23rd September
21st March

Q

Whats’ the name for being closest to the sun

A

Perihelion

Q

What’s the name for being furthest from the sun?

A

Aphelion

Q

ITCZ

A

Inter tropical convergence zone

Q

The Intertropical Convergence Zone, or ITCZ, is a

A

band of low pressure around the Earth which generally lies near to the equator

Q

Location of maximum heating is steered away from the equator by?

A

Land vs. ocean. The line will be drawn towards to the land.

Q

Solar radiation reaching the earth surface depends on:

A

Absorption: Ozone layer & water vapour

Reflection: Tops of clouds & earth

Scattering: Particles in atmosphere

85% reaches the earths surface

Q

Albedo

A

Surface reflectivity

Q

What is the EARTH’s ALBEDO (AVERAGE)

A

EARTH’s ALBEDO (AVERAGE) 31%

Q

Energy transfer by contact

A

Conduction:

Q

Energy transfer by vertical movement of air

A

Convection:

Q

Advection:

A

Energy transfer by horizontal movement of air

Q

Release of latent heat

A

Energy transfer when condensation takes place

Q

Energy transfer by absorption of long wave radiation

A

Radiation:

Q

Turbulence

A

: Energy transfer by mixing of air caused by turbulence

Q

Beneath 3000ft wing is affected by the surface. It’s called the

A

Friction layer

Q

Transfer of Energy: Advection

Fog is created by moving a warm moist air from a warm region to….

A

a colder region so the air is cooled by the surface

Q

Condensation process: Latent heat is released when water transitions from what to what?

A

Gas to solid
(get’s colder)

Q

Condensation process: Latent heat is absorbed when water transitions from what to what?

A

Solid to gas
(heats up)

Q

What is the variation of the surface temperature over a 24 hour period

Subject to the amount of energy received (gained) from the sun versus the amount of energy released (lost) from the earth

A

Diurnal Variations

Q

What is an inversion?

A

An inversion is a layer of air in which temperature increases with height

Q

Diurnal Variations

A

The curve is more gentle over the sea

Q

What are the 2 types of inversion?

A

Surface (ground) inversion: Occur near to the Earth’s surface

Aloft inversion: Occur higher in the atmosphere

Q

Ground inversion is caused by?

A

Cold surface, cooling the bit of air near the surface.

Q

Cold dense air flowing down a mountain side is called a ?

A

Flows down any sloping terrain forming a katabatic wind.

Q

A front is a dividing line between?

A

Two air masses of different temperatures.

Q

A frontal inversion describes

A

a cold air mass undercuts a warm air mass and lifts it aloft, leaving warm air above and cold air below

Q

Describe
Aloft Inversion - Subsidence Inversion

A

Found in subsiding (descending) air (e.g. anticyclone).

The rate at which the air descends is greater at altitude, acting like a piston.

At some height the ‘piston’ warms a thin layer creating an inversion

Q

What is being described?

Surface temp. increases due to adiabatic warming

Upper air temp. reduce due adiabatic cooling

If the air temp. within the friction layer cools to the dew point, cloud can form

A

Aloft Inversion - Friction Layer Inversion

Q

The tropopause inversion / isothermal also provides a ‘cap’ on a large scale.

A

Aloft Inversion – The Tropopause

Q

One of the most dangerous hazards associated with an inversion is

A

WINDSHEAR

Q

CFIT

A

controlled flight into terrain

Q

Describe:
Simple Aneroid Barometer

A

A Barograph is used to plot pressure readings against time to give usable data for forecasting

Q

On a surface pressure chart
A ridge is associated with what pressure system?

A

HIgh

Q

On a surface pressure chart
A trough is associated with what pressure system?

A

Low

Q

On a surface pressure chart
A ‘cyclonic col’ sits between systems and can provide you with what type of wind?

A

Light and variable

Q

In the summer, Col is dominated by

A

the characteristics of the particular air mass but is often thundery in summer and dull or foggy in winter

Q

How can you describe a col (3)

A

A col markedly elongated along the high-pressure axis is an ‘anticyclonic col‘

A col markedly elongated along the low-pressure axis is a ‘cyclonic col‘

where there is no marked elongation, the col is ‘neutral’

Q

Rate of atmosphetic change is faster …

A

near the surface

Q

A