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Introduction To Computing > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Indicate What Year Every The Late Evolution of Computers

  1. ______ IBM PC
  2. ______ Franklin Ace, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum
  3. ______ IBM PC XT , Apple Lisa
  4. ______ Macintosh
  5. ______ Next Turbo Dimension Cube
  6. ______ Deep Blue
  7. ______ Imac
    8 .______ Ipad
A
  1. 1981
  2. 1982
  3. 1983
  4. 1984
  5. 1990
  6. 1996
  7. 1998
    8 .2010
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2
Q
  • A counting device
  • Beads are moved to perform arithmetic functions
  • Still used by traders and clerks in Asia, Africa, …
A

Abacus - Calculator

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3
Q

What year was Abacus - Calculator invented?

A

2700 - 2300 BC

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4
Q

Who Invented the Slide Ruler?

A

William Oughtred

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5
Q
  • An early analogue computer used primarily for multiplication and
    division
  • This were taken to the moon in the 1960s
A

Slide Ruler

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6
Q

What year was the Slide Rule invented?

A

1620

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7
Q
  • Performed addition and subtraction
  • Was too expensive for the time, hence it didn’t become a commercial
    device.
A

Pascaline

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8
Q

Who created the first mechanical calculator?

A

Blaise Pascal

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9
Q
  • This were created by people called
    ’computers’.
  • They were large charts showing the results of calculations, e.g. multiplication, division, and trigonometry
  • However, these were known to be error prone,
  • Thus the need for more accurate math drove innovation.
A

Mathematical Tables / Tables

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10
Q
  • Noticed errors in mathematical tables (1820)
    -Created the difference engine to compute this math more accurately
  • Used tons of grant money as well as his own
  • Only built a small part, as he also had to construct the tools to build it
  • The difference engine wasn’t finished, and he went on to design the Analytical engine.
A

Charles Babbage

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11
Q

-The first mechanical computer
- Compiled mathematical tables ◦ add, subtract, polynomial functions

A

Difference Engine

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12
Q

Who created the Difference Engine?

A

Charles Babbage “father of
computing”

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13
Q

What year was the Difference Engine invented?

A

1821

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14
Q
  • She wrote the first algorithm that would have been executed by the Analytical Engine
  • She is considered the worlds first programmer
A

Ada Lovelace

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15
Q
  • Stiff paper that holds commands
  • Commands and data are indicated by holes/no holes
  • Early computers used these as input commands
A

Punch Cards

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16
Q
  • During the Industrial revolution the population 30% each decade.
  • They were still tabulating census data by hand.
  • In 1887 they still had not completed tallying the 1880 census data
  • an MIT prof introduced punch cards and a machine to read them to tally this information.
  • Took only 6 weeks to tally the 1890 census
  • He continued to improve the machine, and created the company IBM
A

Herman Hollerith

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17
Q
  • Based on Vacuum tubes
  • Vacuum tubes: Control electric current using the vacuum, and
  • Can be used to start/stop, or change the flow based on the current
A

1st Generation Computers

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18
Q

What year was the 1st Generation Computers invented?

A

1951 -1959

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19
Q
  • During WWII it created an electromechanical machine to break
    German Ciphers.
  • It is estimated that his efforts in breaking the ciphers reduced the
    length of the war by 2 – 4 years.
A

Alan Turing

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20
Q
  • A electro-mechanical computer
  • Developed and built by IBM
  • Could store 72 numbers
  • Multiplication took 6 seconds
  • Used in WW II to compute
    artillery tables
  • Produced Mathematical
    Tables
A

Harvard Mark 1

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21
Q

Who created the Harvard Mark 1?

A

Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper

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22
Q

What year was the Harvard Mark 1 invented?

A

1944

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23
Q

Who found the first computer bug while working on the Harvard Mark II?

A

Grace Hopper

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24
Q
  • A moth was trapped between two relay switches
A

First Computer Bug

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25
Q

What year was the first computer bug?

A

1947

26
Q
  • First electronic general purpose computer
  • Created at the University of Pennsylvania
  • Cost almost $500,000 (approx. $6,000,000 today)
  • One of first programs a study of the hydrogen bomb
  • A secret military project designed to
    improve the construction of artillery
    firing tables
A

ENIAC

27
Q

ENIAC stands for what?

A

Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer

28
Q

What year was the ENIAC invented?

A

1946

29
Q
  • Contained 17,500 Vacuum tubes 7,200 crystal diodes, …
  • Tubes burnt out fast, hence the machine normally could only run for
    10 to 30 minutes at a time
  • Speed was 1000 times of electro-mechanical machines (Wikipedia)
  • 5000 adds, 357 multiplications, and 38 divisions per minute
A

ENIAC

30
Q
  • Inventors of ENIAC made UNIVAC which is a programmable (held data
    and printed)
  • Few people bought it as they didn’t understand the value
    -Then they used it to project the 1952 presidential election, and it got
    the answer with <1% error
A

UNIVAC

31
Q

UNIVAC stands for what?

A

Universal Automatic Computer

32
Q
  • Based on Transistors
    -1959-1965
  • Stored instructions in memory
  • Relied on punch cards for input and printers for output
A

Second Generation Computers

33
Q
  • Replaced vacuum tubes
  • Invented at Bell laboratories
  • Enabled computers to be smaller, cheaper, more reliable, and efficient
  • work as switches on current, turning it on or off (like binary 0 or 1).
  • Still generate a lot of heat, but less than vacuum tubes.
A

Transistors

34
Q
  • General purpose system
  • Used punch cards for input and line printer for output
A

IBM 1400

35
Q

What year was the IBM 1400 invented?

A

1960

36
Q
  • Modern computers
  • 1965-1971
  • Used Integrated Circuits
  • Keyboards instead of punch cards
  • Monitors for display
  • Different applications used through operating system
A

Third Generation Computers

37
Q
  • Small chips containing thousands of transistors
A

Integrated Circuits

38
Q

Who invented the Integrated circuits?

A

Jack Kilby, Nobel Laureate of Physics

39
Q
  • Small and large applications
  • Commercial and Scientific applications
  • From 8K to 8M of memory
  • Room sized
  • A whole suite of compatible computers for different needs
A

IBM 360

40
Q

What year was the IBM 360 invented?

A

1964

41
Q
  • Microprocessor
  • Development of the personal computer
  • 1971 – 1981
  • Addition of GUI’s, the mouse, and handheld devices
A

Fourth Generation Computers

42
Q
  • Thousands of Integrated Circuits were built on a silicon chip.
  • Created by Intel corp.
  • Becomes the Central Processing Unit (CPU)
    Allow computers to be smaller, more powerful, faster, and cheaper
A

Microprocessor

43
Q
  • First personal computer
  • Make it yourself kit
  • Switches for input, lights for output
  • No keyboard, and no monitor
  • People were so excited, within 3 months 4000 orders were placed
A

Altair 8080

44
Q

built an interpreter for the 8080 to make programming software for the machine easier

A

Gates and Allen

44
Q

What year was the Altair 8080 invented?

A

1975

45
Q

Created a Bootstrapper to load the tape to load the program on a plane ride on final approach to their meeting

A

Allen

46
Q
  • Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs built the _______ in Wozniak’s garage
    -______had a color monitor, sound, and game paddles
A

Apple I and II

47
Q
  • 1st personal computer released by IBM
  • Sold in companies such as Sears
A

IBM PC

48
Q

What year was the IBM PC invented?

A

1981

49
Q
  • A programming language that students could learn
  • Used by Bill Gates and Paul Allen to write a program for the Altair
A

BASIC

50
Q

BASIC stands for what?

A

Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

51
Q

-IBM hired Bill gates and Paul Allen to build an Operating System for the IBM PC
- They bought the rights to an existing operating system built in Seattle
- IBM allowed Gates and Allen to keep the marketing rights to DOS

A

MS-DOS (Disc Operating System)

52
Q
  • Companies like Compaq took apart IBM computers, and their BIOS to create very similar machines.
  • They built a fully compatible machine, and sold it for a bit cheaper.
  • In first year they sold 47,000 pcs and made 111 million dollars
  • Hence, the competition began
    And everyone bought Microsoft OS
A

Reverse Engineering

53
Q

VisiCalc - was created for Spreadsheets (1978)
WordStar - was created for Word Processing (1978)

A

SPREADSHEETS AND WORD PROCESSING

54
Q
  • Apple and Xerox were working on making a graphical user interface
  • WYSIWIG (What you see is what you get)
  • The idea being you want to be able to preview your work on the computer
A

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

55
Q

What year has the GUI culminated?

A

1972

56
Q

-As Microsoft was aiming their products towards business users, apple tried to make the first user friendly PC.
- This commercial was fighting out against IBM which they saw as Big Brother

A

Apple’s 1984 Commercial

57
Q

-1990 - Present
- Enhancement of Artificial Intelligence
- Nanotechnology
- Natural Language Processing

A

Fifth Generation Computers

58
Q
  • a mobile phone that performs many of the functions of a computer
  • Ton of processing power in tiny devices
A

Cellular Phones and Smart Phones -

59
Q
  • any small technological device capable of storing and processing data that can be worn on the body.
  • Tracking what we do
A

Wearable Computing

60
Q
  • uses digital files to create 3D plastic objects
  • It is used for:
    Prosthetic legs in dogs
    Human Organs
    Clothing
A

3D Printing

61
Q
  • Teaching a computer to learn to think.
  • Imagine the future of:
    SIRI
    Video Game Characters
    Self Driving Cars
    Online Customer Support
    Purchase Predictions
A

Artificial Intelligence

Introduction To Computing (5 decks)

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