Lesson 1 Flashcards
Indicate What Year Every The Late Evolution of Computers
- ______ IBM PC
- ______ Franklin Ace, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum
- ______ IBM PC XT , Apple Lisa
- ______ Macintosh
- ______ Next Turbo Dimension Cube
- ______ Deep Blue
- ______ Imac
8 .______ Ipad
- 1981
- 1982
- 1983
- 1984
- 1990
- 1996
- 1998
8 .2010
- A counting device
- Beads are moved to perform arithmetic functions
- Still used by traders and clerks in Asia, Africa, …
Abacus - Calculator
What year was Abacus - Calculator invented?
2700 - 2300 BC
Who Invented the Slide Ruler?
William Oughtred
- An early analogue computer used primarily for multiplication and
division - This were taken to the moon in the 1960s
Slide Ruler
What year was the Slide Rule invented?
1620
- Performed addition and subtraction
- Was too expensive for the time, hence it didn’t become a commercial
device.
Pascaline
Who created the first mechanical calculator?
Blaise Pascal
- This were created by people called
’computers’. - They were large charts showing the results of calculations, e.g. multiplication, division, and trigonometry
- However, these were known to be error prone,
- Thus the need for more accurate math drove innovation.
Mathematical Tables / Tables
- Noticed errors in mathematical tables (1820)
-Created the difference engine to compute this math more accurately - Used tons of grant money as well as his own
- Only built a small part, as he also had to construct the tools to build it
- The difference engine wasn’t finished, and he went on to design the Analytical engine.
Charles Babbage
-The first mechanical computer
- Compiled mathematical tables ◦ add, subtract, polynomial functions
Difference Engine
Who created the Difference Engine?
Charles Babbage “father of
computing”
What year was the Difference Engine invented?
1821
- She wrote the first algorithm that would have been executed by the Analytical Engine
- She is considered the worlds first programmer
Ada Lovelace
- Stiff paper that holds commands
- Commands and data are indicated by holes/no holes
- Early computers used these as input commands
Punch Cards
- During the Industrial revolution the population 30% each decade.
- They were still tabulating census data by hand.
- In 1887 they still had not completed tallying the 1880 census data
- an MIT prof introduced punch cards and a machine to read them to tally this information.
- Took only 6 weeks to tally the 1890 census
- He continued to improve the machine, and created the company IBM
Herman Hollerith
- Based on Vacuum tubes
- Vacuum tubes: Control electric current using the vacuum, and
- Can be used to start/stop, or change the flow based on the current
1st Generation Computers
What year was the 1st Generation Computers invented?
1951 -1959
- During WWII it created an electromechanical machine to break
German Ciphers. - It is estimated that his efforts in breaking the ciphers reduced the
length of the war by 2 – 4 years.
Alan Turing
- A electro-mechanical computer
- Developed and built by IBM
- Could store 72 numbers
- Multiplication took 6 seconds
- Used in WW II to compute
artillery tables - Produced Mathematical
Tables
Harvard Mark 1
Who created the Harvard Mark 1?
Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper
What year was the Harvard Mark 1 invented?
1944
Who found the first computer bug while working on the Harvard Mark II?
Grace Hopper
- A moth was trapped between two relay switches
First Computer Bug
What year was the first computer bug?
1947
- First electronic general purpose computer
- Created at the University of Pennsylvania
- Cost almost $500,000 (approx. $6,000,000 today)
- One of first programs a study of the hydrogen bomb
- A secret military project designed to
improve the construction of artillery
firing tables
ENIAC
ENIAC stands for what?
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
What year was the ENIAC invented?
1946
- Contained 17,500 Vacuum tubes 7,200 crystal diodes, …
- Tubes burnt out fast, hence the machine normally could only run for
10 to 30 minutes at a time - Speed was 1000 times of electro-mechanical machines (Wikipedia)
- 5000 adds, 357 multiplications, and 38 divisions per minute
ENIAC
- Inventors of ENIAC made UNIVAC which is a programmable (held data
and printed) - Few people bought it as they didn’t understand the value
-Then they used it to project the 1952 presidential election, and it got
the answer with <1% error
UNIVAC
UNIVAC stands for what?
Universal Automatic Computer
- Based on Transistors
-1959-1965 - Stored instructions in memory
- Relied on punch cards for input and printers for output
Second Generation Computers
- Replaced vacuum tubes
- Invented at Bell laboratories
- Enabled computers to be smaller, cheaper, more reliable, and efficient
- work as switches on current, turning it on or off (like binary 0 or 1).
- Still generate a lot of heat, but less than vacuum tubes.
Transistors
- General purpose system
- Used punch cards for input and line printer for output
IBM 1400
What year was the IBM 1400 invented?
1960
- Modern computers
- 1965-1971
- Used Integrated Circuits
- Keyboards instead of punch cards
- Monitors for display
- Different applications used through operating system
Third Generation Computers
- Small chips containing thousands of transistors
Integrated Circuits
Who invented the Integrated circuits?
Jack Kilby, Nobel Laureate of Physics
- Small and large applications
- Commercial and Scientific applications
- From 8K to 8M of memory
- Room sized
- A whole suite of compatible computers for different needs
IBM 360
What year was the IBM 360 invented?
1964
- Microprocessor
- Development of the personal computer
- 1971 – 1981
- Addition of GUI’s, the mouse, and handheld devices
Fourth Generation Computers
- Thousands of Integrated Circuits were built on a silicon chip.
- Created by Intel corp.
- Becomes the Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Allow computers to be smaller, more powerful, faster, and cheaper
Microprocessor
- First personal computer
- Make it yourself kit
- Switches for input, lights for output
- No keyboard, and no monitor
- People were so excited, within 3 months 4000 orders were placed
Altair 8080
built an interpreter for the 8080 to make programming software for the machine easier
Gates and Allen
What year was the Altair 8080 invented?
1975
Created a Bootstrapper to load the tape to load the program on a plane ride on final approach to their meeting
Allen
- Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs built the _______ in Wozniak’s garage
-______had a color monitor, sound, and game paddles
Apple I and II
- 1st personal computer released by IBM
- Sold in companies such as Sears
IBM PC
What year was the IBM PC invented?
1981
- A programming language that students could learn
- Used by Bill Gates and Paul Allen to write a program for the Altair
BASIC
BASIC stands for what?
Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
-IBM hired Bill gates and Paul Allen to build an Operating System for the IBM PC
- They bought the rights to an existing operating system built in Seattle
- IBM allowed Gates and Allen to keep the marketing rights to DOS
MS-DOS (Disc Operating System)
- Companies like Compaq took apart IBM computers, and their BIOS to create very similar machines.
- They built a fully compatible machine, and sold it for a bit cheaper.
- In first year they sold 47,000 pcs and made 111 million dollars
- Hence, the competition began
And everyone bought Microsoft OS
Reverse Engineering
VisiCalc - was created for Spreadsheets (1978)
WordStar - was created for Word Processing (1978)
SPREADSHEETS AND WORD PROCESSING
- Apple and Xerox were working on making a graphical user interface
- WYSIWIG (What you see is what you get)
- The idea being you want to be able to preview your work on the computer
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
What year has the GUI culminated?
1972
-As Microsoft was aiming their products towards business users, apple tried to make the first user friendly PC.
- This commercial was fighting out against IBM which they saw as Big Brother
Apple’s 1984 Commercial
-1990 - Present
- Enhancement of Artificial Intelligence
- Nanotechnology
- Natural Language Processing
Fifth Generation Computers
- a mobile phone that performs many of the functions of a computer
- Ton of processing power in tiny devices
Cellular Phones and Smart Phones -
- any small technological device capable of storing and processing data that can be worn on the body.
- Tracking what we do
Wearable Computing
- uses digital files to create 3D plastic objects
- It is used for:
Prosthetic legs in dogs
Human Organs
Clothing
3D Printing
- Teaching a computer to learn to think.
- Imagine the future of:
SIRI
Video Game Characters
Self Driving Cars
Online Customer Support
Purchase Predictions
Artificial Intelligence
