lesson 1 Flashcards
Deals with application of geology for a safe, stable, and economic design and construction of a civil engineering project
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
Application of geological knowledge in planning, designing and construction of civil engineering project
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
Deals with the earth sciences. Geology deals with the study of the Earth as a planet
GENERAL GEOLOGY
Topographic Maps
Hydrological Maps
Geological Maps
PLANNING
GEOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION JOBS
A. PLANNING
B. DESIGN
C. CONSTRUCTION
Give details that are essential to understand relative merits and demerits of all the possible sites for the proposed structure. The presence of
nature of slopes, size, contours and depths of valleys and gorges and rate of change of elevation in various directions can be easily computed from such maps.
Topographic Maps
Give details about the distribution and geometry of the surface water channels and also the occurrence and depth contours of ground water below the surface of the earth
Hydrological Maps
Petrological characters and structural disposition of rock types as developed in the proposed area are depicted in geological maps. This gives
the engineer useful information regarding the fracturing and displacement
that the site rocks might have undergone in the past
Geological Maps
This is the application of geological characters and conditions that finally dictate the broad contours of the engineering design of an engineering project, be it a high-rise building, road, bridge, dam or a tunnel, etc.
DESIGN
Geological knowledge is applied, and it is of great value to an engineer to the selection and proper use of the right type of materials of construction derived from the natural bedrocks, soils, banks and beaches
CONSTRUCTION
GEOLOGY IN WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
- Exploration and Development of water resources within areas.
- Land utilization in as best and aesthetic manner as possible for developing cities and towns for meeting social needs in different areas.
- In this effort, the primary aim is to derive maximum benefits from the natural
environment with minimum disturbance.
BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY
- Physical Geology
- Geomorphology
- Minerology
- Petrology
- Historical Geology
- Economic Geology
It deals with the origin, development and ultimate fate of various surface features of the Earth and also with its internal structure.
PHYSICAL GEOLOGY
Is a part of Physical Geology, deals specifically with the study of surface features of the Earth. Primarily on the Land surface.
GEOMORPHOLOGY
The basic building units of which the solid crust of the earth is made up. Deals with
formation, occurrence, aggregation, properties and uses of minerals
MINEROLOGY
Minerals occurring in natural aggregated form are call rocks. These rocks form the building blocks that make up the crust of earth. The rocks are themselves made up of minerals defined as building units.
PETROLOGY
Deals with the past history of earth as deciphered from the study of rocks and features associated with them. Rocks may be treated as pages of the
Earth’s History.
HISTORICAL GEOLOGY
This branch deals with the study of those minerals and rocks and other materials (fuels etc.) occurring on and in the earth that can be exploited for the benefit of man. This includes a wide variety of ores of all the metals and nonmetals, building stones, salt deposits, fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas
and atomic minerals)
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
EARTH STRUCTURE
AND ITS COMPOSITION
- In its shape, the Earth is commonly described as a spheroid.
- It has an equatorial diameter of 12757.776 km and a polar diameter of 12713.824 km.
- It has a mean density of 5.517 gm/cm^3
- Volume of 1.083x10^27 cm^3
- It has a mass of 5.975x10^27 g
DIVISIONS FOR PART OF THE EARTH
ATMOSPHERE
LITHOSPHERE
HYDROSPHERE
BIOSPHERE
CONTINENTAL DRIFT
PLATE TECTONIC
The outer gaseous part of the Earth starting from the surface and extending as fast as 700km and even beyond. It makes only about one-millionth part of the total mass of the Earth.
ATMOSPHERE
LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE
- Trophosphere
- Stratosphere
- Mesosphere
- Thermosphere
It is the lowermost zone of the atmosphere rising from the surface of the earth and extending, on an average to a height of 11km.
Its upper boundary called tropopause lies at about 9km above the poles and at 18km above the equator.
TROPHOSPHERE
It is the second layer of the atmosphere starting from the tropopause and extending up to an average height of 50km.
STRATOSPHERE
The temperature becomes constant for a height of 20km (above tropopause) and then starts increasing.
STRATOSPHERE
Starts at a height of 9km above the surface and continues up to 35km. The Maximum concentration of ozone in this layer is estimated at a height of 20-25km.
STRATOSPHERE
OZONE LAYER (ito ans)
This is the third thermal zone of atmosphere which begins at stratopause at about 50km
above the surface and continues up to a height of about 80km.
MESOSPHERE
The fourth and last zone of the atmosphere starts at about 80km and extends up to 500km and beyond.
THERMOSPHERE
Specialized zone that starts from 80km and extends upwards to variable heights.
IONOSPHERE
The region of atmosphere beyond 700km.
EXOSPHERE
The most strongly ionized layer is located at the base of ionosphere and is designated as Delayers. It is also sometimes referred as Kennelly-Heaviside layer after the names of its discoverers
IONOSPHERE
It is the stony part of the Earth (litho = stone) and it includes all the solid materials composing the Earth from the surface downwards
LITHOSPHERE
It is a low-density and high temperature region with a minimum atomic collusions.
EXOSPHERE
include only the uppermost shell of the earth, crust and a part of the second layer, the mantle, up to which the material exists in a definite
solid state.
LITHOSPHERE
It is the uppermost solid shell of the Earth which has varying thickness in different areas as
follows:
Under the Oceans : 5-6km
Under the Continents : 30- 35km
Under the Mountains : 60-70km
CRUST
LAYERS OF LITHOSPHERE
- Crust
- Mantle
- Core
Zone within the earth that starts from M-discontinuity and continues up to a depth of
2900km.
MANTLE
made up of extremely basic material called aptly ultra basic, that is very rich in
iron and magnesium but quite poor in silica.
MANTLE
- Innermost structural shell of the Earth. It starts from 2900km below the surface and extends right up to the center, at a depth of 6370km.
CORE
The liquid-like core extending from a depth of 2900km to about 4800km is often termed the outer core.
CORE
Starting from 4800km and extending up to 6370km is unknown but definitely of solid character and with properties resembling a metallic body, it is called the inner core.
CORE
may be made up of iron and nickel, alloyed in some yet unknown manner
CORE
A collective name for all the natural water bodies occurring on or below the surface.
HYDROSPHERE
More than 98% of the hydrosphere is made up of huge surface bodies of saline water called seas and oceans. The five oceans namely the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian, the Arctic, and the Antarctic ocean.
HYDROSPHERE
This term is sometimes used to express the collective life form, as it exists on the surface and underwater
BIOSPHERE
- The possible movement of the continents relative to one another in the geological past was first
outlined at length by Alfred Wegener in 1912. - Wegener and others pointed out the similarity of coastlines of
Africa and South America. He postulated a supercontinent to which he gave the name Pangaea. - Lands in the southern hemisphere including South America,
Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and peninsular India formed a
large continent called Gondwanaland.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT
came to be used to denote the processes involved in the movements and interactions of the plates (tectonic is derived from the Greek “tekton”, a builder)
The movement of the plates concerning one another in three ways:
1. By one plate sliding past another along its margin
2. By two plates moving away from one another
3. By two plates moving together and one sliding underneath the edge of the other
PLATE TECTONICS
