Lesson 1 Flashcards
It is the progressive series of changes that occur as a result of maturation and experience. It implies qualitative changes.
Development
It means a continuous and additive process and implies quantitative
changes
Growth
It refers to the process of change of an individual which occurs primarily as a function of aging or
time. It includes effects of practice and
experience.
Maturation
It focuses on the physical make-up of the human body and emphasizes the brain, nervous system, muscles, sensory capabilities as well as our basic needs (food, drink, sleep).
Physical Development
It emphasizes
intellectual abilities, including learning, memory, problem-solving and intelligence.
Cognitive Development
It emphasizes the characteristics that differentiate one person from another as well as interactions with one another and how social relationships change over the lifetime.
Personality & Social Development
Starts at conceptions, continues through implantation in the uterine wall by the embryo, and ends at birth
Prenatal
Starts at birth and continues to two years of age
Infancy & Toddlerhood
Starts at tw o years of age and continues until six years of age
Early childhood
Starts a t six years of age and continues until the onset of puberty
Middle & Late Childhood
Starts at the onset of puberty until 18
Adolescence
Late Teens or early twenties through the thirties
Early adulthood
A pproximately 40-60
Middle Adulthood
60 or 70’s until death
Late adulthood
The focus is on the mouth, with activities like sucking and biting. Fixations can lead to oral behaviors in adulthood.
Oral Stage
2 fixations in oral stage
Oral Receptive- overgratification
Oral Deceptive
Involves pleasure in the anal area, related to toilet training. Fixations can result in anal-retentive or anal-expulsive traits.
Anal stage
Centers on the genitals, with children exploring their bodies. Fixations can lead to Oedipus and Electra complexes.
Phallic stage
No specific erogenous zone, as sexual energy is suppressed. Focus shifts to social and intellectual development.
Latency stage
Libido reawakens in the genitals, leading to mature sexual relationships. Successful resolution results in a well-balanced individual
Genital stage
Situation by destroying or losing objects and it shows sadistive drive
Early Anal Period
Friendly interest towards feces, defeceting gives pleasure and they treat it as a valued prize.
Late Anal Period
A fixation or personality resulted by lenient toilet training where the manifestations can be destructive or messy.
Anal Expulsive
A fixation or personality resulted by strict toilet training where the manifestations are perfection, cleanliness and control.
Anal Retentive
Suggests that children move through four different stages of mental development. Theory focuses on how children acquire knowledge & understand the nature of intelligence.
Cognitive Theory of Development
Infants learn through sensory experiences and basic actions like sucking and grasping. They develop object permanence, understanding that objects exist even when not seen.
Sensorimotor stage
Children develop symbolic thought, language, and engage in pretend play. They start understanding concepts beyond the physical.
Preoperational Stage
Kids grasp logical, concrete rules about objects like weight and volume. They learn that properties remain constant despite changes in appearance.
Concrete Operational Stage
Adolescents and adults think abstractly, reason about complex issues, use deductive logic, and understand abstract ideas
Formal Operational Stage
Children tend to focus on themselves, struggling to see things from others’ perspectives. They assume others perceive the world as they do but gradually develop the ability to understand different viewpoints as they grow
Egocentrism
This refers to the tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation while neglecting others. Children may struggle with tasks requiring consideration of multiple variables simultaneously, focusing on one aspect at a time.
Centration
Children play alongside others but not with them, absorbed in their own world. They are playing independently but in the presence of others.
Parallel play
Children start realizing that words and objects can symbolize something else.
symbolic representation
Children in this stage may believe that everything has been created by a sentient being like God or humans. They attribute qualities and movements to external beings rather than understanding natural phenomena.
Artificialism
Children struggle with understanding that a sequence of events can be reversed to its starting point.
Irreversability
Learning that things continue to exist even when they cannot be seen
Object permanence
A theory that involves crisis and conflicts that shapes personality growth.
Psychosocial development
In this stage, infants develop trust in their caregivers, forming the foundation for future relationships. The main question is “Can I trust the world?”
Activity- Feeding
Outcome- Hope
Trust vs. Mistrust
Toddlers strive for independence and control over their actions. The main question is Is it okay to be me?
Activity- Toilet training, self expression
Outcome- Will
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
Children explore their environment. The main question is “It is okay for me to do, move, and act?”
Activity- Exploration
Outcome- Purpose
Initiative vs. Guilt
School-age children focus on mastering skills and tasks, leading to feelings of competence or —
Activity- school
Outcome- Confidence
Industry vs. Inferiority
Adolescents seek to establish a sense of self and personal identity while navigating social roles and expectations.
Activity- Social relationships
Outcome- Fidelity
Identity vs. Role confusion
Young adults form intimate relationships and commitments, balancing closeness with independence.
Activity- Relationships
Outcome- Love
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Middle-aged individuals focus on contributing to society and future generations.
Activities- Work & parenthood
Outcome- Care
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Older adults reflect on their lives, accepting past experiences.
Activity- Reflection in life
Outcome- Wisdom
Integrity vs. Despair
According to —————. ————, just as a child may receive certain physical characteristics passed on from a previous generation, so to the child inherits certain behavioral traits to survive
Ethological Theory
This theory holds that we encounter different environments throughout our lifespan that may influence our behavior in varying degrees.
Ecological Theory
a scientific approach which aims to explain growth, change and consistency through the lifespan.
Developmental Psychology
Suggested that personality is mostly established by the age of 5. Early experiences plays a large role in behavior and development.
Psychoanalytic theory
It is a developmental timing when a child is particularly responsive to certain experiences.
Sensitive period
Consist of parents, siblings, teachers and school peers
Microsystem
interactions between the child’s parents and teachers, or between school peers and siblings.
Mesosystem
environments in which the child is not involved, and are external to their experience, but nonetheless affects them anyway.
(neighborhood, parent’s workplaces, parent’s friends)
Exosystem
focuses on how cultural elements affect a child’s development, such as socioeconomic status, wealth, poverty, and ethnicity.
Macrosystem
consists of all of the environmental changes that occur over the lifetime which influence development, including major life transitions, and historical events
Chronosystem
