Lesson 1 Flashcards
From the Greek _________, meaning an “_____________”
systema, organized whole
Combination of interacting elements organized to achieve one or more stated purposes.
Engineered System
Specialization of system which fulfills the basic properties of all systems, but which is explicitly man-made, contains technology, exists for a purpose and is engineered through a series of managed life cycle activities to make it better able to achieve that purpose.
Engineered System
An interdisciplinary, collaborative approach to the engineering of systems (of any type) which aims to capture stakeholders needs and objectives and to transform these into a description of a holistic, life cycle balanced system solution.
Systems Engineering
Must analyze, specify, design, and verify the system to ensure that its functional, interface, performance, physical, and other quality characteristics, and cost are balanced to meet the needs of the system stakeholders.
Systems Engineer
It helps to ensure the elements of the system fit together to accomplish the objectives of the whole, and ultimately satisfy the needs of the customers and other stakeholders who will acquire and use the system.
Systems Engineer
The term “system” may mean an:
engineered system, anatural system, a social system, or all three
A system that are treated as a special form of engineered system.
Sociotechnical Systems
The degree to which a system’s design or code is difficult to understand because of numerous components or relationships among components.
Complexity
It is a fundamental principle that the whole entities exhibit properties which are meaningful only when attributed to the entity as a whole, not to its parts.
Emergence
Made up of combination of elements
System
Building blocks of a systems and are not just hardware but can also include software.
Elements
System can be divided into hierarchy of sets of elements that include:
subsytem, components, subcomponents, and parts
Set of interrelated components functioning together toward some common objective(s) or purpose (s).
System
These are the parts of a system.
Components
Properties of the components and its system as a whole.
Attributes
Linked of components are the result of engineering the attributes of both components so that the pair operates together effectively in contributing to the system’s purpose(s).
Relationship
It refers to a specific or discrete action that is necessary to achieve a given objective.
Function
Systems that alter material, energy, or information are composed of:
Structural components
Operating components
Flow components
3 systems relationships
First order relationships
Second order relationships
Redundancy
Example is symbiosis, it is the association of two unlike organisms for the benefit of each other.
First order relationships
Called synergistic, are those that are complementary and add to system performance.
Second order relationships
Duplicate components are present for the purpose of assuring continuation of the system function in a case of failure.
Redundancy
The lower system, if two hierarchical levels are involved in given system.
Subsystem
Everything that remains outside the boundary of the system.
Environment
Material energy and/ or information of often pass through the boundaries.
Inputs
̶Material energy and/ or information that pass from the system to the environment.
Outputs
̶Which enters the system in one form and leaves the system in another form.
Throughput
At whatever level in hierarchy consists of all components attributes and relationships needed to accomplish one or more objectives.
Total System
̶Include those that came into being through natural processes.
Natural System
̶Are those in which human beings have intervened through components attributes and relationships.
Human-made Systems
It is a natural system in which a human-made system has been integrated as a subsystem.
Human modified System
̶Are organizations of ideas.
Conceptual Systems
Are those that manifest themselves in physical form.
Physical Systems
Those that have structure but without activity and one who states do not change because it has structure components, but no operating or flow components as exemplified by a bridge.
Static Systems
̶Exhibit behavior because it combines structural components with operating and/ or flow components.
Dynamic System
̶Is one that is relatively self-contained and does not significantly interact with its environment.
Closed System
̶Allows information energy and matter to cross its boundary and it interacts with their environment.
Open System
May involve both the customers and the producers.
Acquisition Phase
May include a combination of contractor and customer activities.
Utilization Phase
̶It is a systematic approach to creating a system design that simultaneously considers all pieces of the life cycle.
Concurrent Engineering
Advantages of Concurrent Engineering
̶ This model applicable to all types of software development processes
̶ It is easy for understanding and used
̶ It gives immediate feedback from testing
̶ It provides an accurate picture of a current state of project
It guided design is simultaneously responsive to customer needs and to its life cycle outcomes.
Life Cycle
Introduce by Royce in 1970 initially for software development.
Waterfall Process Model
Steps in Waterfall Process Model
̶ Requirement’s Analysis
̶ Specifications
̶ Design
̶ Implementation
̶ Test
̶ Maintenance
Advantages of Waterfall Process Model
̶ This model is simple and easy to understand and used
̶ It is easy to manage due each space has a specific deliverable and review process
̶ Waterfall model works well for smaller project
Disadvantage of Spiral Process Model
̶ It is expensive due to the high level of expertise required for risk analysis
̶ Spiral model is not suited for small projects
̶ The overall success of the project depends on the risk analysis phase
Disadvantage of waterfall Process Model
̶ No working software is produced until late during life cycle
̶ High amount of freeze and uncertainty
̶ Not a good model for complex and object-oriented project
̶ For model for long and ongoing projects
Adapted from Waterfall model, is iterative, use for prototyping and is a risk driven approach for the development of product system.
Spiral Process Model (Boehm, 1986)
Steps of Spiral Process Model
Planning
Risk Analysis
Engineering and Execution
Evaluation
Advantages of Spiral Process Model
̶ Spiral model provides continuous and repeated development which helps in risk management
̶ It provides the past development and the features are added in a systematic manner
̶ In spiral model, clients get the opportunity to see the software after every cycle
Made by Forsberg and Mooz, this model starts with user needs on the upper left and ends with a user-validated system on the upper right.
Vee Process Model
Advantages of Vee Process Model
̶ Simple and easy to understand and execute
̶ Provides structure way of doing things
̶ Emphasis planning for verification validation of the product in an early stage of the development
Disadvantages of Vee Process Model
̶ Not change friendly
̶ Poor research allocation
̶ Not suitable for complex and object-oriented project
̶ Need crystal clear requirements
