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Kimmy: Muscular System > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  • brief period between the application of stimulus to the beginning of contraction
  • calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the onset of myosin cross bridge activity
A

Lag Phase

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2
Q
  • upward tracing
  • caused by cross bridge activity
A

Contraction Phase

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3
Q
  • indicated by downward tracing
  • caused by the active transport of calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
A

Relaxation Phase

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4
Q

Types of stimuli that muscle receive

A

Liminal (threshold)
Subliminal (sub-threshold)
Maximal

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5
Q
  • weakest stimulus from a neuron but it has to be stronger enough to cause contraction
  • the lowest limit of stimulus to perception or sensation
A

Liminal stimulus

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6
Q
  • the stimulus is lesser in intensity that does not reach the patient’s consciousness;
  • cannot initiate contraction
A

Subliminal stimulus

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7
Q

all motor units are excited with only single stimulus

A

Maximal

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8
Q

Specific Changes During Contraction

A
  • structural change
  • electrical change
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9
Q

Refractory period

A
  • the period of lost excitability
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10
Q

Absolute refractory period

A
  • period when muscle cannot be stimulated
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11
Q

Relative refractory period

A
  • period when a stronger stimulus cause excitation
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12
Q

Supra normal

A
  • a time when the cell is highly excitable that stimulus of minimal threshold can cause excitation
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13
Q

TYPES OF STIMULI THAT MUSCLE RECEIVE

A
  • liminal stimulus
  • subliminal stimulus
  • maximal
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14
Q

Liminal (threshold) stimulus

A
  • weakest stimulus from a neuron but it has to be stronger enough to cause contraction
  • the lowest limit of stimulus to perception or sensation
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15
Q

Subliminal (sub-threshold) stimulus

A
  • the stimulus is lesser in intensity that does not reach the patient’s consciousness; cannot initiate contraction
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16
Q

Maximal

A
  • all motor units are excited with only single stimulus
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17
Q

TYPES OF HEAT PRODUCTION DURING CONTRACTION

A
  • Initial heat
  • Recovery heat
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18
Q

Initial heat

A
  • heat release during actual contraction process and combination of 3 events of the contraction
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19
Q

3 events of Initial heat

A
  • heat of activation
  • heat of shortening
  • heat of relaxation
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20
Q
  • heat is produced from the breakdown of ATP to ADP and AMP
A

heat of activation

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21
Q
  • heat is deliberated when there is a change in the length of muscle
A

heat of shortening

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22
Q
  • heat is produced when contracted muscle relaxes
A

heat of relaxation

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23
Q
  • occur after contraction and when recovery is over
  • produced when there is the restoration of lost energy in preparation of the muscle for the next contraction
A

Recovery heat

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24
Q

Factors that affect the strength/height of contraction

A
  • strength of stimulus
  • speed of stimulus
  • weight of load
  • duration
  • summation/summatotal
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25
Q

the stronger the stimulus, the stronger also is the contraction

A
  • strength of stimulus
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26
Q

the faster the speed of stimulus, the faster is the initiation of contraction of muscles

A
  • speed of stimulus
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27
Q
  • the heavier the load, the stronger is the contraction
A
  • weight of load
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28
Q
  • the longer the stimulus to stay, the longer the contraction
A

duration

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29
Q
  • if two maximal stimuli are delivered in quick succession there is an increase of muscular contraction
A

summation/summatotal

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30
Q

ENERGY SOURCES FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION

A
  • phosphagen system
  • glycogen-lactic acid system
  • aerobic system
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31
Q

composed of phosphocreatine and ATP

A
  • phosphagen system
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32
Q
  • short-lived molecule which rapidly degenerates to a more stable ADP, used to provide energy for muscle contraction
A

ATP

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33
Q
  • a product of CHON metabolism
  • maintains adequate amounts of ATP
A

phosphocreatine

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34
Q
  • metabolic process by which glycogen or glucose from the blood is broken down to pyruvic acid – the process results in the synthesis of ATP.
A

glycolysis

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35
Q
  • occurs in the absence of oxygen
  • oocurs in the breakdown of glucose to yield ATP and lactic acid
A

anaerobic process

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36
Q
  • requires oxygen and breaks down glucose by glycolysis
  • produces ATP, CO2 and H2O
A

aerobic system

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37
Q

kind of muscle contraction

A
  • tonic
  • isotonic
  • isometric
  • twitch
  • tetanic
  • treppe
  • fibrillation
  • convulsion
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38
Q
  • does not produce movement but increases firmness of muscle that maintains posture
  • characterized by a continuous muscular contraction
A

tonic

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39
Q
  • responsible for movements of arms and legs
  • the amount of tension produced by muscle is constant during contraction but the length of the muscle shortens
A

isotonic

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40
Q
  • length of muscle does not change but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process
A

isometric

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41
Q
  • contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes an action potential in one or more muscle fibers.
  • rapid, jerky response to a single treshold or greater stimulus
A

twitch

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42
Q
  • smooth, sustained contraction produced by a series of very rapid stimuli to a muscle
A

tetanic

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43
Q

kinds of tetatus:

A

incomplete
complete

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44
Q
  • a rapid stimulation occurs in which tension produced will rise to a peak and a period of relaxation will be very short to brief
A

incomplete tetatus

45
Q
  • the frequency of stimulation is so high that the relaxation phase has been completely eliminated
A

complete tetatus

46
Q
  • a staircase effect or phenomenon
  • gradual increase in the amount of contraction by a muscle caused by rapid repeated stimuli of the same strength
A

treppe

47
Q
  • cardiac arrhythmia in which muscles of the heart function irregularly
  • involuntary brief twitch of a muscle that is not visible under the skin and is not associated with the movement of the affected muscle
A

fibrillation

48
Q
  • a violent, involuntary contraction of the entire muscle group
A

convulsion

49
Q

type of muscle actions:

A
  • agonist (prime movers)
  • antagonist
  • synergists
  • fixators
50
Q
  • prime mover
  • plays the major role in accomplishing a particular movement
A

agonist

51
Q

-acts against prime movers

A

antagonist

52
Q
  • muscles that work together to cause a movement
  • enables the prime movers to perform smoothly and efficiently
A

synergists

53
Q
  • muscle which steadies the bone which gives the action of the prime movers so that insertion will move
  • stabilizes the origin of the prime movers
A

fixator

54
Q
  • muscle that bends a limb at a joint
A

flexor

55
Q
  • muscle that straightens/extends a limb at a joint
A

extensor

56
Q
  • muscle that moves a limb away from the midline of the body
A

abductor

57
Q
  • muscle that moves a limb toward the midline
A

adductor

58
Q
  • muscle that lowers or depresses a part
A

depressor

59
Q
  • muscle which lifts a body part
A

levator

60
Q
  • muscle that moves/turns the palm of the hand upward
A

supinator

61
Q
  • muscle that moves/turns the palm downward
A

pronator

62
Q
  • muscle surrounding an opening, acts as a valve
A

sphincter

63
Q
  • muscle that can straighten/stretch a limb, makes body part more rigid
A

tensor

64
Q
  • muscle which can turn about an axis
A

rotator

65
Q
  • decrease in muscle size as a result of disuse/immobility
A

muscular atrophy

66
Q
  • chronic, progressive degenerative disease resulting from the destruction of acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction
  • usually begins in the face
  • characterized by weakness but not accompanied by atrophy
A

myasthenia gravis

67
Q
  • painful spastic muscle contraction resulting from irritation within the muscle
A

cramps

68
Q
  • an abnormal congenital condition characterized by
    progressive symmetric wasting of the leg and pelvic muscles
  • it is an X-linked recessive disease that appears insidiously between 3 and 5 years of age and spreads from the leg and pelvic muscles to the involuntary muscles
A

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

69
Q
  • sudden involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle/ brief period of complete tetannus
A

spasm

70
Q

two types of spasm

A
  • tonic
  • clonic
71
Q

spasm - if continuous/persistent

A

tonic

72
Q

spasm – if there is an alternate contraction and
relaxation

A

clonic

73
Q
  • strong involuntary contraction of the entire muscle group
A

convulsion/seizure

74
Q
  • shortening of muscle cells or muscle fibers
A

contracture

75
Q
  • loss of muscle tone wherein the muscle appears soft and flabby
A

flaccidity

76
Q
  • an increase in size of individual muscle cells due to chronic stimulation and use
A

hypertrophy

77
Q
  • increase in number of muscle cells
A

hyperplasia

78
Q
  • inflammation of muscle tissue
A

myositis

79
Q
  • muscle pain
A

myalgia

80
Q
  • inflammation of the surrounding connective tissues of the muscle
A

fibrositis

81
Q
  • tear or break in the ligaments in tendons
A

sprain

82
Q
  • tear or break in the muscles
A

strain

83
Q
  • located in between ribs
A

intercoastal ribs

84
Q
  • muscle of the femur
A

femoris

85
Q
  • muscle of the arm
A

brachii

86
Q
  • straight muscle
A

rectus femoris

87
Q
  • across muscle
A

transversus abdominis

88
Q
  • diagonal/oblique
A

internal oblique

89
Q
  • muscle that moves a limb away form the midline of
    the body
A

abductor

90
Q
  • muscle which moves a limb toward midline
A

adductor

91
Q
  • muscle that bend a limb at a joint
A

flexor

92
Q
  • muscle that lifts a body part
A

levator

93
Q
  • four sided muscles
A

trapezius

94
Q
  • largest muscles
A

maximus

95
Q
  • smallest muscle
A

minimus

96
Q
  • long muscle
A

longus

97
Q

-short muscle

A

brevis

98
Q
  • spindled-shape muscle
A

fusiform

99
Q
  • quadriilateral muscle/rhomboid/diamond shaped
A

rhomboidquadrilateral

100
Q
  • having a saw toothed shaped
A

serratus

101
Q
  • two heads
A

biceps brachii

102
Q
  • three heads
A

triceps brachii

103
Q

-four heads

A

quadriceps

104
Q
  • attached to sternum, clavicle & mastoid process
A

sternocleidomastoid

105
Q
  • attached to styloid process and tongue
A

syloglossus

106
Q

What are the muscles used for intramuscular injection?

A

Upper arm: deltoid
Thigh: vastus lateralis
Buttocks: gluteus medius, gluteus maximus

107
Q

*What are the muscles for breathing?
- normal quiet breathing

A

a. Costal (shallow) breathing: external intercostal muscles
b. Abdominal (deep) breathing: diaphragm

108
Q

*What are the muscles for breathing?
- forceful breathing

A

c. Inhalation: diaphragm, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, scalene
d. Exhalation: internal intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles (external oblique,
internal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis)

Kimmy: Muscular System (2 decks)

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