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Kimmy: Muscular System > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

There are more or less ___ muscles in the human body

A

600

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2
Q

Study of the muscular system

A

Myology

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3
Q

an organ system that permits movement in the body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body

A

Muscular System

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4
Q

Three types of muscles

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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5
Q

Properties of Muscles

A

Excitability/Irritability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
Tonicity

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6
Q

receive and respond to stimulus

A

Excitability/Irritability

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7
Q

to shorten and tighten

A

Contractility

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8
Q

stretch or extend upon the application of force

A

Extensibility

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9
Q

regain the original shape and size after being stretched

A

Elasticity

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10
Q

to steadily contract

A

Tonicity

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11
Q

Function of Muscles

A

M-H-A-P-P:
Movement
Heat Production
Alters diameters of tubes and vessels in the body
Posture
Protection of vital organs

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12
Q

How many % of body heat is derived from muscle contraction

A

85%

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13
Q

Two types of muscles according to the type of action:

A

Voluntary - can be made contract
Involuntary - can’t be controlled by the will

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14
Q

Muscle cells composition

A

-75% water for hydration
-20% CHON for repair and energy production
-5% Glycogen for ATP production

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15
Q

Voluntary and striated
40% of TBW
Ability to contract, cause and stop movement
Example: breathing and speech, making facial expression

A

Skeletal Muscles

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16
Q

With alternating ight and dark bands

A

Characteristics:
Striated

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17
Q

entire heart contracts as one unit

A

syncytium

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18
Q

Other term for cardiac muscle

A

Cardiocytes/Heart muscles

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19
Q

Cardiac muscles has the length of and diameter of:

A

Length: 50-100
Diameter: 10-20

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20
Q

Involuntary
Striated
Autorhythmic

A

Cardiac muscles

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21
Q

The heart beats ________ per day

A

100,000

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22
Q

contraction of muscle without apparent stimulation or without frank stimulation

A

Autorhythmicity

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23
Q

muscle fibers are multinucleated structures

A

Skeletal Muscles

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24
Q

fibers have one to two nuclei and are physically and electrically connected to each other

A

Cardiac Muscles

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25
Q

Involuntary
non-striated
fibers are small, spindled-shape, mononucleated with lesser actin and myosin

A

Smooth Muscle

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26
Q

ability of smooth muscle to stretch without developing a lasting high tension

A

Plasticity

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27
Q

layers of connective tissue that encloses muscle and provide structure to th muscle as a whole and also compartmentalize the muscle fibers within the muscle

A

Mysia

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28
Q

sheath of dense fibrous connective tissue beneath the skin or around muscle fibers, holds muscle fibers together

A

Connective Tissue Coverings/Fascia

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29
Q

connective tissue surrounding the skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium

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30
Q

connective tissue that surrounds muscle fasicles

A

Perimysium

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31
Q

connective tissue that surrounds single muscle fibers

A

Endomysium

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32
Q

bundle of fibers

A

Fascicles

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33
Q

muscle cells that composes a fasciculus

A

Muscle Fiber

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34
Q

Skeletal muscle attachments:

A

T-A-T:
Tendon
Aponeuroses
Tendon Sheaths

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35
Q

attaches muscle to the periosteum of a bone

A

Tendon

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36
Q

flat layer ghin of sheets that attach to the coverings of a bone, another bone, or the skin

A

Aponeuroses

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37
Q

tubes of fibeous connective tissue that encloses certain tendons especial at the wrist and ankle

A

Tendon Sheathes

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38
Q

Attachment of bone ends of skeletal muscles:

A

Origin
Insertion

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39
Q

less movable, point of attachment, attachment of a muscle tendon to the stationary bone

40
Q

more movable, distal to the movable bone

41
Q

Skeletal muscle shapes

A

PPCCF:
Parallel
Pennate (Uni, Bi, Multi)
Convergent
Circular
Fusiform

42
Q
  • fasciculi are parallel with the long axis of the muscle
  • quadrilateral in shape
  • examples: stylohyoid muscle
A

Parallel/Longitudinal

43
Q
  • fasciculi are short in relation to the entire length of the muscle
  • obliquely toward the tendon like the plumes of a feather
44
Q
  • arranged on only one side of the tendon
  • example: extensor digitorium
A

Unipennate

45
Q
  • arranged on both sides of a centrally positioned tendon
  • example: rectus femoris muscle
46
Q
  • have complex arrangement that involves convergence of several tendons
  • example: deltoid muscle
A

Multipennate

47
Q
  • broad origin of fasciculi converges to a narrow, restricted insertion
  • triangular in shape
  • example: pectoralis major
A

Convergent

48
Q
  • arranged in circular pattern and enclose an orifice
  • example: orbicularis oculi muscle
49
Q
  • nearly parallel with the longitudinal axis
  • muscles tapers toward the tendons
  • example: biceps brachii
50
Q

elongated cylindrical cells that lie parallel to one another

A

Muscle fibers/Myofibers

51
Q

Diameter and Length of Myofibers

A

Diameter: 10 to 100
Length: 30 or more

52
Q

cell membrane of the muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

53
Q
  • cytoplasm of the muscle fiber
  • multinucleated
  • contains enzymes, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibrils
A

Sarcoplasm

54
Q
  • cytoplasm of the muscle fiber
  • contains sarcoplasmic reticulum, enzymes, myofibrils
A

Sarcoplasm

55
Q
  • network of membrane enclosed tubules
  • where protein and lipid are manufactured
  • transport products
A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

56
Q
  • extensions of sarcolemma
  • perpendicularly to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
    -runs transversely through the fiber
A

T-tubules/Transverse tubules

57
Q

T tubules connect to the terminal cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum

58
Q
  • dilated sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • ring like channels around myofibrils
A

Terminal cisterns

59
Q
  • simplest unit of muscle
  • bundles of protein filaments
  • cylindrical (1-2 um in diameter)
  • consists to 2 kinds of myofilaments
A

myofibrils

60
Q
  • 6 nm in diameter
  • composed of 3 kinds of proteins
A

Thin myofilaments/Actin

61
Q
  • 16 nm in diameter
  • composed mainly of myosin (shaped like golf club)
A

Thick myofilaments/Myosin

62
Q

Thin myofilaments 3 proteins:

A

Tropomyosin
Troponin
Actin

63
Q

arranged in strands that are loosely attached to actin

A

Tropomyosin

64
Q

located at regular intervals on the surgace of tropomyosin

65
Q

3 subunits of Troponin

A

I - binds with actin
C - binds with calcium
T - binds with tropomyosin

66
Q
  • attachment sites for myosin filaments
  • double helix
  • contains myosin binding-site that interacts with a cross bridge of a myosin molecule
67
Q

basic structural and functional unit of a skeletal muscle

A

sarcomeres

68
Q
  • separate one sarcomere to the next
  • network of protein fibers that forms a stationary anchor for actin myofilaments to attach
69
Q

each ___________ consists of two _________ bands separated by a __________ band

A

sarcomere
light-staining
dark-staining

70
Q
  • light staining bands
  • consist of only actin myofilaments
A

I bands/Isotropic

71
Q
  • central dark-staining band
A

A band/Anisotropic

72
Q
  • center of A band that is a smaller’ lighter-staining region
73
Q
  • located at the center of H-zone
  • consists of fine protein filaments that anchor the myosin filaments in place
74
Q

contain the actin-binding site and an ATP binding site

A

cross bridges

75
Q

storehouse of the cell

A

mitochondria

76
Q
  • narrow zones that separate sarcomeres from one another
  • contain thick myofilaments only
A

Z-line/Zuriachen

77
Q

proteins that make up myofibrils

A

Myofilament

78
Q
  • bind to attachment sites
  • bend and straighten
  • break down ATP
A

Myosin heads

79
Q

muscles that are primary concern with the movement

A

Prime movers/Agonist

80
Q
  • acts against prime movers
  • working in reverse of that particular movement, preventing the prime mover to over extend
A

antagonists

81
Q
  • helps the prime movers by producing the same movement
A

synergists

82
Q
  • specialized synergists
  • muscle which steadies the bone
  • stabilize the origin of a prime mover
83
Q
  • neuron that stiimulates muscle contraction
  • deliver stimulus to muscle tissue
A

Motor neuron

84
Q
  • refers to the axon terminal of a motor neuron together with the motor end plate
A

Neuromuscular junction/Myoneural junction

85
Q
  • the region of the sarcolemma adjacent to the axon terminal
A

Motor end plate

86
Q
  • expanded bulblike structures of the distal ends of the axon terminals
A

Synaptic end bulbs

87
Q
  • membrane enclosed sacs contained in synaptic end bulbs
  • store chemicals called neurotransmitters including acetylcholine
A

Synaptic vesicles

88
Q
  • neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscles
A

Acetylcholine

89
Q

invaginate area of the sarcolemma under the axon terminal

A

synaptic gutter

90
Q

space between the sarcolemma under the axon terminal

A

synaptic cleft

91
Q

numerous folds of the sarcolemma along the synaptic gutter

A

subneural clefts

92
Q
  • composed of motor neuron together with all the muscle fibers it stimulates
  • single motor neuron may innervate about 150 muscle fibers, depending on the region of the body
A

Motor unit

93
Q

sliding of myofilaments and shortening of sarcomeres causes the shortening of the muscle fibers

A

Sliding Filament Theory

94
Q

states that muscles either contract with all force possible under existing conditions or do not contract at all

A

All-or-None Principle

95
Q

Phases of Contraction

A

Lag phase
Contraction phase
Relaxation phase

96
Q

This principle states that when a motor unit receives a stimulus of sufficient intensity to bring forth a response, all the muscle fibers within the unit will contract at the same time, and to the maximum possible extent.

A

All-or-None Law

Kimmy: Muscular System (2 decks)

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