LESSON 1

Question 1

“Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not” presents the 1st nursing theory as “Environmental Theory

Answer 1

Florence Nightingale’s (1859/1992)

Question 2

focuses on the environment for the benefit of the patient; it is the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery

Answer 2

Environmental theory

Question 3

Operated from a biomedical model that focused primarily on what nurses do, their functional roles; patient problems/needs to be the practice focus

Answer 3

The Columbia School-The 1950s

Question 4

consensus among nursing scholars that nursing needed to validate itself through the production of its own scientifically tested body of knowledge

Answer 4

1950s

Question 5

Nursing practice was based on principles and traditions passed on through apprenticeship education and common sense wisdom that came with years of experience

Answer 5

The Columbia School-The 1950s

Question 6

Introduced her Theory of Interpersonal Relations that puts emphasis on the nurse-client relationship as the foundation of nursing practice

Answer 6

Hildegard Peplau

Question 7

conceptualized the nurse’s role as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs

Answer 7

Virginia Henderson

Question 8

Focus is on the relationship between the nurse and the patient
Nursing practice continued to reflect vocational heritage more than professional vision

Answer 8

The Yale School – The 1960s

Question 9

emphasized the reciprocal relationship between the patient and nurse and viewed the professional function of nursing as finding out and meeting the patient’s immediate need for help

Answer 9

Ida Jean Orlando

Question 10

“Typology of 21 Nursing Problems” that shifted the focus of nursing from a disease-centred approach to a patient-centred one

Answer 10

Faye Abdellah

Question 11

View nursing as a process rather than an end in itself

Answer 11

The Yale School – The 1960s

Question 12

Their theories look at how nurses do what they do and how the patient perceives his/her situation

Answer 12

The Yale School – The 1960s

Question 13

Transition from vocation to profession was a major turning point

Answer 13

1970s

Question 14

research studies that tested and expanded nursing theory

Answer 14

1990s

Question 15

changed the language of her theory from Man-Living-Health to the theory of Human Becoming

Answer 15

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

Question 16

She explained that contemporary dictionary definition of “man” tend to be gender-based, as opposed to meaning mankind, theoretical basis of nursing

Answer 16

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

Question 17

The philosophy and science of caring highlighted the humanistic aspects of nursing as they intertwine with scientific knowledge and nursing practice

Answer 17

Jean Watson’s Nursing:

Question 18

Developments in nursing theory characterized a transition from the pre paradigm period to the paradigm period

Answer 18

1980s

Question 19

Many nursing theories were revised based on the research findings that expanded them

Answer 19

1980s

Question 20

upheld the fostering of efficient and effective behavioural functioning in the patient to prevent illness

Answer 20

Dorothy Johnson’s behavioural system model for nursing

Question 21

states that many needs exist, and each may disrupt client balance or stability. Stress reduction is the goal of the system model of nursing practice

Answer 21

Betty Neuman’s system model of nursing practice

Question 22

“Predicated on understanding the meanings of daily lived experiences as they are perceived by the members or the participants of the science.”

Answer 22

The Future, Meleis (1992)

Question 23

Increased emphasis on the practice-orientation, or actual rather than “ought-to-be” practice

Answer 23

The Future, Meleis (1992)

Question 24

Nursing’s mission is to develop theories to empower nurses, the discipline and clients

Answer 24

The Future, Meleis (1992)

Question 25

specific to academia & refers to a branch of education, a department of learning, or a domain of knowledge

Answer 25

Discipline

Question 26

refers to a specialized field of practice, which is founded on the scientific structure of the science of knowledge of that discipline & the accompanying practice abilities

Answer 26

Profession

Question 27

Theory assists the practicing nurse to:

Answer 27

• Organize, examine and analyse patient’s data
• Make decisions about effective and efficient nursing interventions
• Make a specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time-bounded plan of care
• Predict and evaluate outcomes of care

Question 28

unique human science which focuses on phenomena related to health

Answer 28

Nursing science

Question 29

makes use of reason gained thru expert study, tested theory and established facts to evidently prove something. Deductive type of reasoning is used

Answer 29

Rationalism

Question 30

makes use of objective and tangible data or those that are perceived by the senses to observe and collect data. Thus, there is no knowledge that arises through reason alone

Answer 30

Empiricism

Question 31

step in the scientific method that helps people decide between two or more competing explanations – or hypotheses

Answer 31

Experimentation

Question 32

gain new knowledge as nurses strives to base their actions on evidence and scientific data

Answer 32

Experimentation

Question 33

states that positive knowledge is exclusively derived from experience of natural phenomena and their properties and relations; it encloses the use of both logical reasoning and empiricism

Answer 33

Positivism

Question 34

view that true knowledge comes from studying observable traits and actions rather than through reasoning or speculating

Answer 34

Positivism

Question 35

The theory espoused by Florence Nightingale.

Answer 35

Environmental Theory

Question 36

The period that viewed nursing is a process rather than an end to itself

Answer 36

1960s

Question 37

The era that focused on what nurses do and their functions

Answer 37

1950s

Question 38

The first nurse theorist

Answer 38

Florence Nightingale

Question 39

The period characterized by a transition from the pre paradigm period to the paradigm period

Answer 39

1980s

Question 40

is a unique human science which focuses on phenomena related to health

Answer 40

Nursing science

Question 41

is a specialized field of practice, which is founded on the scientific structure of the science of knowledge of that discipline

Answer 41

Profession

Question 42

a branch of knowledge, typically one studied in higher education

Answer 42

Discipline

Question 43

the development of theories and practical concepts for improving how clinicians and patients administer care and manage conditions

Answer 43

Nursing

Question 44

a creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that project a tentative, purposeful, and systematic view of phenomena

Answer 44

Nursing theory

Question 45

states that positive knowledge is exclusively derived from experience of natural phenomena and their properties and relations

Answer 45

Positivism

Question 46

It makes use of reason gained thru expert study, tested theory and established facts to evidently prove something

Answer 46

Rationalism

Question 47

It makes use of objective and tangible data or those that are perceived by the senses to observe and collect data

Answer 47

Empiricism

Question 48

It is the step in the scientific method that helps people decide between two or more competing explanations

Answer 48

Experimentation

Question 49

It is the process of two or more people or organizations working together to complete a task or achieve a goal

Answer 49

Collaboration

Question 50

• “Nursing science is a unique human science which focuses on phenomena related to health. Unlike the natural sciences such as medicine, nursing science focuses on the quality of life for each person. Therefore, nursing science does not investigate health phenomena based on causality. Health as lived experience is investigated from the point of view of healthcare consumers.”

Answer 50

Nursing Science defined by Dr. Teruko Takahashi-Japan

Question 51

• “The discipline of nursing requires knowledge and methods other than nursing science, but nursing science is the essence of nursing as a scholarlydiscipline;without it, there would be no nursing, only care…As a science, nursing’s richness is manifest in the availability of cutting-edge philosophies, and theories to provide guidance for practice, and a growing body of literature describing nursing theory-based practice.

Answer 51

Nursing Science defined by Dr. William K. Cody-USA