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119 > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are lab tests?

A

Used to confirm, clarify, or rule out medical conditons

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2
Q

What are the types of blood tests?

A

Blood composition test, blood function test, blood chemistry test, Infectious disease and immuno diagnostic test

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3
Q

What does a blood composition test test for?

A

Blood components

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4
Q

What does a blood function test test for?

A

Presence or effectiveness of cells and other factors responsible for blood clotting

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5
Q

What does a blood chemistry test test for?

A

Looks at particular substances: sodium, glucose, hormones in blood

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6
Q

What does an infectious disease and immuno diagnostic test test for?

A

Presence of antigen such as virus or bacteria, or antibodies for the antigen

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7
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Substance that the body recognizes as foreign, which triggers immuno response

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8
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Cell that attacks antigen to protect the body

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9
Q

What is blood?

A

Fluid substance that carries O2 and nutrients to tissues and removes waste products from tissues

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10
Q

What does blood consist of?

A

Cells and plasma; about 1/2 plasma and 1/2 cells

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11
Q

What is the role of red blood cells?

A

carry oxygen and nutrients to tissues and takes carbon dioxide and waste from tissues

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12
Q

What is the role of white blood cells?

A

Immune defense and fighting disease

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13
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

Clotting (coagulation)

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14
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

Protein in RBCs that allows gas exchange to occur

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15
Q

What are the 2 groups of WBCs?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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16
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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17
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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18
Q

Why is coagulating necessary?

A

To prevent from bleeding to death

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19
Q

What is the role of plasma?

A

Carries nutrients, proteins, minerals, and hormones to different cells in the body; removes chemical waste and maintains blood volume level

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20
Q

What is a hemogram?

A

A series of tests that provide information about all the components of the blood

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21
Q

What is the purpose of a hemogram?

A

It evaluates a patient’s overall health and can detect a wide range of disorders from anemia and infections to rarer conditions

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22
Q

What does a CBC- Complete Blood Count test for?

A

Examines # of RBCs and WBCs in the blood

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23
Q

What indicates anemia?

A

low # of RBCs

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24
Q

What are the components of a CBC?

A

Hemoglobin, RBC count, hematocrit/packed cell volume, total WBC count, differential WBC count, and platelet count

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25
Q

What does hemoglobin test for?

A

Tests for amount of hemoglobin

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26
Q

What are normal values for hemoglobin?

A

Males- 12 to 17g/ 100ml
Females- 11 to 15g/ 100 ml

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27
Q

What does an increase in hemoglobin mean?

A

Occurs in or with high altitudes, lung disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), polycythemia, and inappropriate use of certain drugs

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28
Q

What does a decrease in hemoglobin mean?

A

Anemia

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29
Q

What does red blood cell count test for?

A

Amount of mature RBCs

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30
Q

What are normal values for red blood cell count?

A

Males- between 4.5 and 6.0 cmm
Females- between 4.0 and 4.5 cmm

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31
Q

What does an increase in RBC count mean?

A

Occurs in or with high altitudes, COPD, polycythemia

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32
Q

What does a decrease in RBC count mean?

A

Anemia

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33
Q

What does the hematocrit or packed cell volume test for?

A

Proportion of RBCs in a sample of blood

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34
Q

What is the normal range for hematocrit/ packed cell volume?

A

Males- 40%-50% of total volume
Females- 37%-47% of total volume

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35
Q

What are the types of RBC indices (Wintrobe Indices?)

A

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

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36
Q

What are RBC indices (Wintrobe Indices)

A

Provides additional info about RBC composition in blood

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37
Q

What does mean corpuscular volume (MCV) test for?

A

Measures size or volume of an RBC

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38
Q

What are the normal values for MCV?

A

Between 80 to 100 cu microns

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39
Q

What does a lower value of MCV mean?

A

Small size of RBC- microcytic anemia

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40
Q

What does a higher value of MCV mean?

A

Larger size- macrocytic

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41
Q

What does mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) test for?

A

Measures amount or weight of hemoglobin present in an RBC

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42
Q

What are the normal values for MCH?

A

27-31 picograms/cell

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43
Q

What causes a lower MCH? What increases MCH?

A

Aspirin; contraceptives

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44
Q

What does mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) test for?

A

Measures both the size of RBCs and the concentration (amount or weight) of hemoglobin within each cell

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45
Q

What are the normal values for MCHC?

A

32-36 g/dl

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46
Q

What can cause changes in hematocrit or packed cell volume value?

A

Some medications

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47
Q

What can MCHC allow physicians to classify anemia as?

A

Based on color (given by the hemoglobin present) as hypochromic, normochromic, or hyperchromic type

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48
Q

What can cause changes in the MCHC value?

A

Some medications; acyclovir, multivitamins

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49
Q

What does the WBC count test for?

A

Amount of WBCs in blood

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50
Q

What are the normal values for WBC?

A

4500-10500 per cc mm (cubic millimeter)

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51
Q

What does an increase in WBC mean? Decrease?

A

Increase indicates infection of malignancy; decrease indicates immunosuppression due to use of certain diseases or drugs

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52
Q

What does differential WBC test for?

A

Measures relative proportion of each type of WBC

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53
Q

What are the normal values for neutrophils in a differential WBC?

A

40%-75% or 1500-8000 per cc mm

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54
Q

What does an increase in neutrophils indicate? Decrease?

A

Increase- infection
Decrease- occurs w/ bone marrow depression due to some cancer treatments (chemo) or infections such as lupus

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55
Q

What are the normal values for basophils in a differential WBC?

A

0%-2% or 0-600 per cc mm

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56
Q

What does an increase in basophils indicate? Decrease?

A

Increase- hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, ovulation
Decrease- occurs w/ leukemia, polycythemia, Hodgkin’s disease, ulcerative colitis

57
Q

What are the normal values for eosinophils in a differential WBC?

A

0%-6% or 0-600 per cc mm

58
Q

What does an increase in eosinophils indicate? Decrease?

A

Increase- parasitic infections, allergies, skin diseases, some neoplasms
Decrease- occurs w/ trauma, surgery, Cushing’s disease

59
Q

What are the normal ranges for lymphocytes in a differential WBC?

A

20%-25% or 1000-4500 per cc mm

60
Q

What does an increase in lymphocytes indicate? Decrease?

A

Increase- infections, autoimmune disease, or ulcerative colitis
Decrease- occurs w/ congestive heart failure, renal failure, corticosteroid therapy

61
Q

What are the normal values for monocytes?

A

2%-10% or 0-800 per cc mm

62
Q

What does an increase in monocytes indicate?

A

Infections, autoimmune disease, or ulcerative colitis

63
Q

What does the peripheral blood smear test for?

A

Provides info about the #, shape, and appearance of RBCs

64
Q

What does the size of an RBC in a peripheral blood smear mean?

A

Macrocytic- megaloblastic anemia, folic acid, B12 deficiency
Normocytic- hemolytic anemia, or blood loss anemia
Microcytic- iron deficiency, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia

65
Q

What does the color of an RBC in a peripheral blood smear mean?

A

Hypochromic- iron deficiency anemia
Normochromic- hemolytic anemia

66
Q

What does the shape of an RBC in a peripheral blood smear mean?

A

Normal appearance- biconcave disc
Spherical shaped- spherocytosis
Sickle shaped- sickle cell anemia

67
Q

What are the normal values for serum iron?

A

Males- 55-150 ug/dl
Females- 40-155 ug/dl

68
Q

What does an increase in serum iron mean?

A

Occurs w/ hemosiderosis, hemochromatosis, and certain anemias like hemolytic and pernicious anemia

69
Q

What does the schilling test measure?

A

B12 absorption from intestine

70
Q

What are the normal values for Shilling test? (B12 values)

A

Normal excretion via urine is 8%-40%

71
Q

What does a lower B12 value in a Schilling test mean?

A

Suggests pernicious anemia

72
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

Immature blood cell

73
Q

What does an increase in reticulocyte count mean? Decrease?

A

Increase- hemolytic anemia
Decrease- occurs w/ aplastic anemia or iron deficiency anemia

74
Q

What does the appearance in a reticulocyte mean?

A

Normal- biconcave disc
Spherical- spherocytosis
Sickle- sickle-cell anemia

75
Q

What is bone marrow aspiration?

A

A test that can be performed when other tests are inconclusive; for serious forms of anemia

76
Q

What are the types of non-specific coagulation tests?

A

WBC count, bleeding time, clotting time

77
Q

What does bleeding time test for?

A

Results show how well platelets are performing

78
Q

What are the normal values for bleeding time?

A

Ivy method- 1-6 mins
Duke method- 1-3 mins

79
Q

What does clotting time test for?

A

Measures how long it takes blood to clot

80
Q

What are the normal values for clotting time?

A

8-15 mins

81
Q

What are the types of specific coagulation tests?

A

Platelet count, PPT or aPPT, prothrombin time and international normalized ratio (INR), plasma fibrinogen, d-dimer tests

82
Q

What are the normal values for platelet count?

A

150,000-350,000 per cc mm

83
Q

What does an increase in platelet count mean? Decrease?

A

Increase- seen in cold weather, high altitudes, strenuous exercise
Decrease- idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP), purpura due to nutritional deficiencies, or autoimmune disease secondary to a viral infection

84
Q

What does the PPT or aPPT test for?

A

Measures efficacy of the intrinsic and common pathways; evaluates factors which are blood components that are involved in blood coagulation; factors I, II, V, VIII, XIX, XI, XII

85
Q

What are the normal values for aPPT and PPT?

A

aPPT- 0-40 sec
PPT- 60-70 sec

86
Q

What does an increase in PPT or aPPT mean? Decrease?

A

Increase- seen in hereditary diseases such as hemophilia, vitamin K deficiency, liver cirrhosis, anticoagulation drug therapy
Decrease- seen in intravascular coagulation or severe hemorrhage and extensive cancer

87
Q

What does prothrombin time and international normalized ratio (INR) test for?

A

Measures efficacy of the extrinsic pathways; factors II, VII, V, X

88
Q

What are the normal values for prothrombin time and international normalized ratio (INR)?

A

9.5-13.5 sec
Ideal INR- 1-1.3

89
Q

What does an increase in prothrombin time and INR mean? Decrease?

A

Increase- anticoagulant drugs, liver diseases, vitamin K deficiency, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), massive blood transfusions, hypothermia
Decrease- seen w/ vitamin K supplements and during transfusion of fresh frozen plasma

90
Q

What does plasma fibrinogen test for?

A

Measures levels of fibrinogen in blood

91
Q

What are the normal values for plasma fibrinogen?

A

150-400 mg/dl

92
Q

What does an increase in plasma fibrinogen mean? Decrease?

A

Increase- inflammatory conditions, trauma, cancers, some drugs
Decrease- end-stage liver disease, afibrinogenemia, hypofibrinogenemia, DIC, large blood transfusions

93
Q

What do D-Dimer tests test for?

A

Used to detect abnormal coagulation of blood

94
Q

What are the normal values in D-Dimer tests?

A

Less than 500 ng/ml

95
Q

What does an increase in d-dimer tests mean?

A

Increase- suggest deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Normal exclude possibility of DVT or pulmonary embolism (PE)

96
Q

What antigens may be present on an RBC which determines blood type?

A

A, B, or none

97
Q

What is the blood type with A antigens?

A

Type A blood

98
Q

What is the blood type with B antigens?

A

Type B blood

99
Q

What is the blood type with A and B antigens?

A

Type AB blood

100
Q

What is the blood type with no antigens?

A

Type O blood

101
Q

What can Type A donate to and receive?

A

Donate- A and AB
Receive- A or O

102
Q

What can Type AB donate to and receive?

A

Donate- B
Receive- A, B, AB, or O

103
Q

What can Type B donate to and recieve?

A

Donate- AB
Receive- B or O

104
Q

What can type O donate to and receive?

A

Donate- Universal donor (everyone)
Receive- O

105
Q

What is RH typing?

A

Rhesus (Rh) antigen may also be present in the blood; Rh+ (positive) or Rh- (negative)

106
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Contains several glands that produce hormones that facilitate certain body functions

107
Q

What do endocrine system tests test for?

A

Measures levels of hormones and/or substances that hormones regulate to confirm, clarify, or rule out medical conditions

108
Q

What are the tests for diabetes?

A

Random blood sugar test (RBS), fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PPS), oral glucose tolerance test, glycosylated hemoglobin test (HbA1c)

109
Q

What is the random blood sugar test (RBS)?

A

A test for diabetes performed regardless of whether or not a patient has eaten

110
Q

What is the normal range for RBS?

A

11.1 mmol/l (millimoles per liter) or 200 mg/dl (milligrams per deciliter)

111
Q

What do results exceeding RBS normal range mean?

A

Suggest diabetes

112
Q

What is fasting blood sugar (FBS)?

A

Test for diabetes performed after a patient has been fasting for 8 hours

113
Q

What are do the results for FBS mean?

A

Normal- 70-99 mg/dl or 3.9-5.5 mmol/ml
Prediabetes- 100-125 mg/dl or 5.6-6.5 mmol/l
Diabetes- more than 200 mg/dl or 11.1 mmol/l

114
Q

What is the postprandial blood sugar (PPS)?

A

Test for diabetes performed 2 hours after a meal

115
Q

What do PPS results mean?

A

Normal range- 140 mg/dl
Results exceeding normal suggest inefficient insulin levels or action

116
Q

What is the oral glucose tolerance test?

A

A test for diabetes performed as a one step or two step when a patient is fasting; performed after patient has been fasting and has ingested a glucose drink

117
Q

What do the results for the oral glucose tolerance test mean?

A

Normal range- 140 mg/dl
Prediabetes- 140-200 mg/dl or 7.8-11 mmol/l
Diabetes- more than 200 mg/dl or 11.1 mmol/l

118
Q

What does the glycosylated hemoglobin test (HbA1c) test for?

A

Examines amount of glucose attached to hemoglobin within RBCs; monitors glucose control for diabetic patients

119
Q

What do HbA1c results mean?

A

Normal range- less than 5.7%
Prediabetes- 5.7%-6.4%
Diabetes- greater than 6.5%

120
Q

What are the tests for thyroid function?

A

Thyroxine (T4), T3 uptake (Triiodothyronine), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

121
Q

What is the normal range for T4?

A

4-12 ug/dl; 8 ug/dl is optimal

122
Q

What does an increase in T4 mean? Decrease?

A

Increase- hepatitis, acute thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism
Decrease- chronic thyroiditis, malnutrition, cirrhosis, hypothyroidism, cretinism

123
Q

What are the normal values for T3 uptake?

A

27%-47%; 37% is optimal

124
Q

What does an increase in T3 mean? Decrease?

A

Increase- severe liver disease, pulmonary insufficiency, hyperthyroidism, metastatic malignancies (cancer)
Decrease- pregnancy, hypoestrogenism, hypothyroidism, cretinism

125
Q

What are the normal values for TSH?

A

3.5-6.0 milliU/l (milli units per liter)

126
Q

What does an increase in TSH mean? Decrease?

A

Increase- lowered T3 and T4
Decreased- raised T3 and T4

127
Q

What is the test for parathyroid function?

A

Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH)

128
Q

What is the parathyroid hormone?

A

Responsible for release of calcium from bones into the bloodstream, activation of vitamin D and for the reabsorption of calcium from the bloodstream by the kidneys and excretion phosphorus

129
Q

What are the normal values for PTH?

A

10-65 ng/l

130
Q

What does the increase in PTH mean? Decrease?

A

Increase- parathyroid tumors
Decrease- result from surgical removal of the glands which results in hypoparathyroidism

131
Q

What are the tests for adrenal function?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), adrenal stimulation test, insulin tolerance test

132
Q

What does the adrenal gland release?

A

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) and cortisol (glucocorticoid)

133
Q

What are the normal values for ACTH?

A

Males- 7-50 pg/ml
Females- 5-27 pg/ml

134
Q

What does a decrease in ACTH mean?

A

May be due to a pituitary deficit

135
Q

What is the adrenal stimulation test?

A

A test for adrenal function performed by stimulating the adrenal gland; tests for adrenal insufficiency

136
Q

What are the normal values for adrenal stimulation test?

A

Cortisol- 20-30 ug/dl
Aldosterone- 20 ng/dl

137
Q

What does the insulin tolerance test test for?

A

Used to measure reserve levels of ACTH and growth hormone in patients

138
Q

What are the normal values for insulin tolerance test?

A

Cortisol- 520 mmol/l
Growth hormone- 22 mmol/l

139
Q

What does a decrease in insulin tolerance test mean?

A

Suggest hypopituitarism

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